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'''Tai Tham script''' (''[[Dharma|Tham]]'' meaning "scripture") is an [[abugida]] [[writing system]] used mainly for a group of [[Southwestern Tai languages]] i.e., [[Northern Thai language|Northern Thai]], [[Tai Lue language|Tai Lü]], [[Khün language|Khün]] and [[Lao language|Lao]]; as well as the liturgical languages of Buddhism i.e., [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]]. It is historically known as '''Tua Tham''' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼}} or {{Script|Lana|ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼}}). In [[Thailand]] and [[Myanmar]], the script is often referred to as '''Lanna script''' ({{lang-langx|th|อักษรธรรมล้านนา}} {{RTGS|Akson Tham Lan Na}}; {{lang-my-name-MLCTS|MY=လန်နာအက္ခရာ}} [[RTGS (transcription)|RTGS]]: ''MLCTS=Lanna Akara''Akhkara}}) in relation to the historical [[Lan Na|kingdom of Lan Na]] situating in the Northern region of modern day Thailand and a part of[[Kengtung|Kyaingtong]], [[Shan State|Shan state]] in Myanmar.<ref name=":03">{{Citation |last=Jenny |first=Mathias |title=Writing systems of MSEA |date=2021-08-23 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide |pages=879–906 |editor-last=Sidwell |editor-first=Paul |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142-036/html |access-date=2024-12-06 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-036 |isbn=978-3-11-055814-2 |editor2-last=Jenny |editor2-first=Mathias|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Local people in [[Northern Thailand]] also call the script as '''Tua Mueang''' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ}}, {{IPA-|nod|tǔa̯.mɯ̄a̯ŋ}} {{Audio|nod-tuamueang.ogg|listen|help=no}}) in parallel to '''Kam Mueang''', a local name for [[Northern Thai language]].<ref name=":2" /> In [[Laos]] and [[Isan|Isan region]] of Thailand, a variation of Tai Tham script, often dubbed '''Lao Tham''', is also known by the locals as ''To Tham Lao'' ({{lang-langx|tts|โตธรรมลาว}} {{IPA|/toː˩.tʰam˧˥.laːw˧/}}, cf. {{lang-langx|lo|ໂຕທຳ/ໂຕທັມ}} BGN/PCGN ''to tham'') or Yuan script.<ref name="Everson2007">[[Michael Everson|Everson, Michael]], Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007). [http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07007r-n3207r-lanna.pdf ''Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS''].</ref> Tai Tham script is traditionally written on a dried palm leaf as a [[palm-leaf manuscript]].<ref name=":2" />
 
The [[Northern Thai language]] is a close relative of [[Thai language|(standard) Thai]]. It is spoken by nearly 6 million people in [[Northern Thailand]] and several thousand in [[Laos]] of whom few are literate in Lanna script. The script is still read by older monks. Northern Thai has six [[tone (linguistics)|linguistic tone]]s and Thai only five, making transcription into the [[Thai alphabet]] problematic. There is some resurgent interest in the script among younger people, but an added complication is that the modern spoken form, called Kam Muang, differs in pronunciation from the older form.<ref name="Natnapang">{{cite book
Line 53:
 
==Characteristics==
Although both the ancient forms of the Mon and Khmer script are different, they are both [[abugida]]s that descend from the [[Brahmic scripts]] introduced via contacts with South Indian traders, soldiers, merchants and Brahmans. As a Mon-derived script, ''Tai Tham'' has many similarities with the writing systems for [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Shan language|Shan]], [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]] and modern [[Mon language|Mon]] writing systems and rounder letter forms compared to the angled letters of Khmer.<ref name="McDaniel"/> Letters can be stacked, sometimes with special subscript forms, similar to 'ຼ' which was used in Tai Noi and also in modern Lao as the subscript version of 'ຣ' /r/ or 'ລ' /l/ as in {{lang-langx|lo|ຫຼວງພຼະບາງ/ຫລວງພຣະບາງ}}.<ref name=":03" /> Letters also are more circular or rounded than the typically angled style of Khmer.<ref name="Dharma">ธวัช ปุณโณทก (Punnothek, T.) อักษรโบราณอีสาน: อักขรวิทยาอักษรตัวธรรมและไทยน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: สยามเพรส แมเนจเม้นท์, ๒๕๔๐, ๕๔</ref> However, the Tai Tham script does not use the [[virama]] similar to other Eastern Indic scripts like Thai and Khmer, unlike Burmese and Mon.<ref name=":03" />
 
== Consonants ==
There are 43 Tai Tham consonants. They are divided into three groups: categorized consonants ({{Script|Lana|ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨶᩲᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼}}, ''payanjana nai wak''), non-categorized consonants ({{Script|Lana|ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼}}, {{translTransliteration|nod|payanjana awak}}), and additional consonants ({{Script|Lana|ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨲᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᨾ}}, ''payanjana tueam''). Categorized consonants and non-categorized consonants are those derived from [[Old Mon script]] used for [[Pali language|Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages. Similar to [[Devanagari]], [[Pallava script]], and [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]], categorized consonants are divided into 5 subgroups called ''wak'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼}}) i.e., ''wak ka'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨠ}}), ''wak ja'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨧ}}), ''wak rata'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨭ}}), ''wak ta'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲ}}), and ''wak pa'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨷ}}). The additional consonants are the consonants invented to write [[Tai languages|Tai]] sounds that are originally not found in Pali. In a dictionary, letter {{Script|Lana|ᩂ}} and {{Script|Lana|ᩄ}} are often put in the consonant list following the letter {{Script|Lana|ᩁ}} and {{Script|Lana|ᩃ}} respectively. However, they are a [[syllabary]] (also a vowel<!-- for example: ᩁᩂᨠ᩠ᩈ᩼ can also be pronounced as luek as here ᩂ acts as the ue vowel. -->) and not a consonant letter.
 
=== Consonant chart ===
Line 350:
|p
|p
|{{IPA|[p]}}{{Efn|When used to write Pali-Sanskrit derived words.|name=pali-2}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=The Lanna Dictionary |publisher=Chiang Mai Rajabhat University |year=2007 |isbn=9789747793567 |___location=Chiang Mai |pages=305–314305–314 |language=th}}</ref><ref name="mfl">{{Cite book |last=Rungruangsri |first=Udom |title=พจนานุกรมล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับแม่ฟ้าหลวง |publisher=Chiang Mai University |year=2004 |isbn=9789746851756 |edition=Revised |___location=Chiang Mai |language=th}}</ref>
|{{IPA|[p̚]}}
| style="background: #fcc" |high<ref name="mfl" /><ref name=":3" />
Line 567:
; Notes
{{notelist}}
 
=== Consonant digraph with ''Ha'' ===
Certain consonants in the low-class group lack their high-class counterpart. These consonants are sometimes called the ''single low-class consonants''. Their high-class counterparts are created by the combination with letter ''high Ha'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ}}) as a digraph, called ''Ha Nam'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ ᨶᩣᩴ}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunkhit Watcharasāt |title=Phāsā Mư̄ang Lānnā |publisher=Thārāthō̜ng Kānphim |year=2005 |isbn=978-974-85472-0-6 |___location=Chīang Mai |pages=20 |language=th}}</ref>
Line 623 ⟶ 624:
|''ra, la, ha''
|{{IPA|[rǎ]}}, {{IPA|[lǎ]}}, {{IPA|[hǎ]}}
|r,{{Efn|Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words, as well as the historical pronunciation (circa. 16th century or before).}} l, h
|&nbsp;–
|{{IPA|[r]}},{{Efn|InfluenceFor contemporary texts, it represents the influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages. For old manuscripts, it represents the historical pronunciation circa. 16th century or before.|name=Thai-Influence}} {{IPA|[l]}},{{Efn|name=Thai-Influence}} {{IPA|[h]}}
|&nbsp;–
| style="background: #fcc" |high
Line 650 ⟶ 651:
; Notes
{{notelist}}
 
=== Consonant cluster ===
Tai Tham has three medial letters to form a consonant cluster: medial ''La'' (◌ᩖ a.k.a ''La Noi''), medial ''Ra'' (ᩕ a.k.a ''Rawong''), and medial ''Wa''. Consonant cluster with medial ''Wa'' is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme. Consonant cluster with Medial ''La'' and Medial ''Ra'' are considered a false consonant cluster as they do not produce the same effect. They are the remnant of the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Proto-Southwestern Tai]] initial consonant clusters that existed during the early development of Tai Tham before the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tangsiriwattanakul |first=Shinnakrit |date=4 Oct 2024 |orig-date=27 Feb 2024 |title=From Proto-Southwestern Tai to Modern Lanna Tai: Implications From the 16th-Century Phonology |url=http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/articles/from-proto-southwestern-tai-to-modern-lanna-tai-implications-from-the-16th-century-phonology/ |journal=Manusya: Journal of Humanities |volume=26 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26659077-26010011|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
==== Medial ''La'' ====
Medial ''La'' is a silent letter and not pronounced. For example, the word ​ᨸᩖᩦᨸᩖᩦ and ᨸᩦ are both pronounced ''pi''. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster. The use of Medial ''La'' is now preserved only for a semantic purpose.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Letter
Line 809 ⟶ 811:
|-
| style="font-size: 150%" |ᨹᩕ
|''pha<ref name="bailan32">{{CitebookCite book|last=วิเชียรเขียว|first=อรุณรัตน์|title=พจนานุกรมศัพท์ล้านนาเฉพาะคำที่ปรากฏในใบลาน|publisher=สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์|year=1996|isbn=9747047772|___location=เชียงใหม่|pages=440|language=Thai}}</ref>''
|{{IPA|[pʰǎ]}}
|ph
Line 841 ⟶ 843:
|-
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |ᨧᩕ
|''jala<ref>{{CitebookCite book |title=พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา ᨻᨧᨶᩣᨶᩩᨠᩕᩫ᩠ᨾᨽᩣᩇᩣᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ |publisher=สถาบันภาษา ศิลปะและวัฒนธรรม มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏเชียงใหม่ |year=2007 |isbn=9789747793567 |edition=2nd |___location=เชียงใหม่ |pages=106}}</ref>''
|{{IPA|[t͡ɕa.lǎ]}}
|chl, jl
Line 854 ⟶ 856:
|-
| style="font-size: 150%" |ᨩᩕ
|''ja<ref name=":bailan12">{{CitebookCite book |last=วิเชียรเขียว |first=อรุณรัตน์ |title=พจนานุกรมศัพท์ล้านนาเฉพาะคำที่ปรากฏในใบลาน |publisher=สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์ |year=1996 |isbn=9747047772 |___location=เชียงใหม่ |pages=201 |language=Thai}}</ref>''
|{{IPA|[t͡ɕa]}}
|ch, j
Line 862 ⟶ 864:
|-
| style="font-size: 150%" |ᨪᩕ
|''sala<ref name="bailan22">{{CitebookCite book |last=วิเชียรเขียว |first=อรุณรัตน์ |title=พจนานุกรมศัพท์ล้านนาเฉพาะคำที่ปรากฏในใบลาน |publisher=สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์ |year=1996 |isbn=9747047772 |___location=เชียงใหม่ |pages=225 |language=Thai}}</ref>''
|{{IPA|[sa᷇.la᷇]}}
|sl
Line 1,018 ⟶ 1,020:
| style="background: #ccf" |low
|-
|style="font-size: 150%" |ᩉᩖ᩠ᩅ,​ ᩉ᩠ᩃ᩠ᩅ
|lwa
|{{IPA|[lwǎ]}}
Line 1,106 ⟶ 1,108:
|style="text-align:left;"|Subjoined form of letter {{Script|Lana|ᩁ}} (''ra'') for a consonant cluster such as {{Script|Lana|ᨷᩕ}} (''pra'') {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩕ}} (''pra'') as opposed to the subjoined form {{Script|Lana|-᩠ᩁ}} used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter.
|}
 
;
 
{{Notelist}}
 
== Vowels ==
Vowel characters come in two forms: as stand-alone letters for writing initial vowels or as diacritics that can be attached to all sides of the consonant letters. However, Lanna excels in terms of the number of diacritics used. Some vowel sounds can be written with a combination of as many as four diacritics: one on each side of the consonant.<ref name="everson">{{cite web|title=Lanna Unicode: A Proposal|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3207.pdf|last1=Everson|first1=Michael|last2=Hosken|first2=Martin|last3=Constable|first3=Peter|date=March 21, 2007|access-date=May 4, 2015|archive-date=June 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625014059/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3207.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="burutphakdee">{{cite web|title=Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang: Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script|url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf|last=Burutphakdee|first=Natnapang|publisher=SIL International|pages=32–61|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf|archive-date=May 5, 2015|date=October 2004}}</ref>
 
=== Independent vowels ===
Independent vowels are mainly reserved for writing [[Pali]] words, except for {{Script|Lana|ᩐᩣ}} /ʔau/ which is used as a special vowel sign and not for Pali words.<ref name=":indyvowels0">{{Cite book |last=Watcharasastr |first=Boonkid |title=แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา ᨷᩯ᩠ᨷᩁ᩠ᨿᩁᨽᩣᩇᩣᨾᩮᩬᩨᨦᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ |publisher=Thara Thong Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9748547205 |___location=Chiang Mai |pages=24 |language=th}}</ref>
Line 1,286 ⟶ 1,287:
|-
|/aw/
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩮᩢᩣ}},</big>{{Efn|name=long-a}} <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩮᩫᩢᩣ}},</big> <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩳ}},</big>{{efn|Used in Lanna spelling convention, called Mai Kao Ho Nueng ({{Script|Lana|ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᩉᩬᩴ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨶᩧ᩶ᨦ}})|name=}} <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩪᩦ}}</big>{{Efn|Called Mai Kao Ju Ji ({{Script|Lana|ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᨧᩪ᩶ᨧᩦ᩶}})}}
| –-
| rowspan="313" |
|/aːw/
|<big>ᨠᩣ᩠ᩅ</big>
| -
|-
|/iw/
|<big>ᨠᩥ᩠ᩅ</big>
| -
| colspan="3" |
|-
|/ajew/
|<big>ᨠᩮ᩠ᩅᩡ, ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᩅ</big>
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩲ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ}}{{efn|name=maikia-maikai}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱᨿ᩠ᨿ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ}},</big><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watcharasastr |first=Boonkid |title=แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา |publisher=Thara Thong Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9748547205 |___location=Chiang Mai |pages=178 |language=th}}</ref> <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩢ᩠ᨿ}}</big><ref name="mfl"/>
| -
|/eːw/
|<big>ᨠᩮ᩠ᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩴ</big>
| -
|-
|/ɛw/
|<big>ᨠᩯ᩠ᩅᩡ, ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᩅ</big>
| -
|/ɛːw/
|<big>ᨠᩯ᩠ᩅ</big>
| -
|-
| colspan="3" |
|/iaw/
|<big>ᨠ᩠ᨿᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩴ</big>
| -
|-
|/aj/
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩲ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ}},{{efn|name=maikia-maikai}} {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱᨿ᩠ᨿ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ}},</big><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watcharasastr |first=Boonkid |title=แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา |publisher=Thara Thong Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9748547205 |___location=Chiang Mai |pages=178 |language=th}}</ref> <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩢ᩠ᨿ}}</big><ref name="mfl" />
| -
|/aːj/
|<big>ᨠᩣ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
|/ɯj/
|<big>ᨠᩧ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩨ᩠ᨿᩡ</big>
| -
|/ɯːj/
|<big>ᨠᩨ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
|/uj/
|<big>ᨠᩩ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|/uːj/
|<big>ᨠᩪ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
| colspan="3" |
|/oːj/
|<big>ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨿ, ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
|/ɔj/
|<big>ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿᩡ, ᨠᩬᩢ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|/ɔːj/
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩭ}},</big>{{Efn|name=khuen-style}} <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿ}}</big>
| -
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|/ɤːj/
|<big>ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
|/uaj/
|<big>ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
|/ɯaj/
|<big>ᨠᩮᩬᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨ᩠ᨿ</big>
| -
|-
Line 1,306 ⟶ 1,369:
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩴ}},</big>{{Efn|name=only-pali}} <big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩘ}}{{Efn|name=only-pali}}</big>
|—
| rowspan="32" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
Line 1,313 ⟶ 1,376:
|—
| colspan="3" |
|-
|/lɯ/
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᩂ}}</big>
| –
|/lɯː/
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᩂ}},</big>{{Efn|Equivalent to Thai script ฤๅ.}} <big>{{Script|Lana|ᩄ}}</big>{{Efn|Equivalent to Thai script ฦๅ.}}<ref name="mfl">{{Cite book |last=Rungruangsri |first=Udom |title=พจนานุกรมล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับแม่ฟ้าหลวง |publisher=Chiang Mai University |year=2004 |isbn=9789746851756 |edition=Revised |___location=Chiang Mai |language=th}}</ref>
| -
|-
| colspan="7" |
Line 1,349 ⟶ 1,405:
|{{Script|Lana|<big>᩶</big>}}
| [[File:Lanna-tone2.png|frameless|40x40px]]
| {{Script|Lana|ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ}}<ref name="mfl" />
| {{Script|Lana|ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ}},<ref name="mfl" /> {{Script|Lana|ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ}}<ref name="Owen">{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=R. Wyn |date=2017 |title=A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system |url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52403 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=140–164 |hdl=10524/52403}}</ref>
| ''mai kho jang,''
 
''mai sat''
|/máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/,
 
/máj.sát/
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|{{Script|Lana|<big>ᩢ</big>}}
|
|{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ}}<ref name="Owen">{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=R. Wyn |date=2017 |title=A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system |url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52403 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=140–164 |hdl=10524/52403}}</ref>
|''mai sat''
|/máj.sát/
|style="text-align:left;"|Interchangeable with ''mai kho jang.<ref name="Owen" />''
|-
|{{Script|Lana|<big>᩷</big>}}
Line 1,438 ⟶ 1,501:
{{Notelist}}
 
Tone mark conjugation system of Tai Tham highly correlates with the system used by Thai script. Despite the difference in tone quality between Northern Thai, Tai Khuen, Thai, and Lao; equivalent words in each language are, in large part, marked with the same (or equivalent) tone mark. For example, the word {{Script|Lana|ᨣ᩶ᩤ}} ({{IPA-|nod|kaː˦˥}}; <small>Khuen</small>: {{IPA|[kaː˦˩]|lang=nod-kkh}}) which is equivalent to Thai ค้า ({{IPA|th|kʰaː˦˥}}), and Lao ຄ້າ ({{IPA-|lo|kʰaː˥˨}}) all has the same meaning "to trade" and is expressed with the same or equivalent tone mark ''mai tho/mai kho jang'' but is pronounced with different tones differed by the languages.
 
Tone mark conjugation in Tai Tham follows the same model used for Thai script. Consonants are divided into 3 classes: high, mid, low; with some degree of variation form Thai script due to the phonological differences between Northern Thai and standard Thai. Consonants in each class are combined with these tone marks to give a different tonal pattern.
Line 1,745 ⟶ 1,808:
|{{Script|Khmr|ឃ}}
|ฆ
|ຆ
|[[File:Lao-Pali-gh.png|10x10px]]
(modern: ຄ)
|-
Line 2,104 ⟶ 2,167:
|-
!Velar
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨠ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ka}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-1.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ka]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨡ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|kha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-2.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[kha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨣ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ga}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-4.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ga]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨥ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|gha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-6.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[gha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨦ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṅa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-7.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṅa]}}
|
|
Line 2,114 ⟶ 2,177:
|-
!Palatal
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨧ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ca}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-8.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ca]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨨ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|cha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-9.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[cha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨩ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ja}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-10.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ja]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨫ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|jha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-12.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[jha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨬ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ña}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-13.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ña]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨿ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ya}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-31.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ya]}}
|
|
|-
!Retroflex
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨭ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṭa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-14.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṭa]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨮ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṭha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-15.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṭha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨯ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ḍa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-17.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ḍa]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨰ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ḍha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-15-5.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ḍha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨱ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṇa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-16.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṇa]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᩁ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ra}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-32.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ra]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᩊ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ḷa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-39.png|20px]]
''[ḷa]''
|
|-
!Dental
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨲ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ta}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-18.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ta]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨳ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|tha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-19.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[tha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨴ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|da}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-20.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[da]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨵ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|dha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-21.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[dha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨶ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|na}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-22.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[na]}}
|
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᩃ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|la}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-33.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[la]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᩈ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|sa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-37.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[sa]}}
|-
!Labial
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨷ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|pa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-23.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[pa]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨹ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|pha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-25.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[pha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨻ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ba}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-27.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ba]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨽ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|bha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-29.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[bha]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᨾ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ma}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-30.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ma]}}
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᩅ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|va}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-34.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[va]}}
|
|
Line 2,162 ⟶ 2,224:
|
|
| {{letter|l=pi|s=Lana|ch=ᩉ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-38.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ha]}}
|}
 
Line 2,185 ⟶ 2,247:
|-
! Guttural
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨠ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ka}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-1.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ka]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨡ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|kha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-2.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[kha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨣ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ga}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-4.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ga]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨥ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|gha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-6.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[gha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨦ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṅa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-7.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṅa]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩉ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-38.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ha]}}
|
|-
! Palatal
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨧ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ca}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-8.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ca]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨨ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|cha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-9.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[cha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨩ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ja}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-10.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ja]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨫ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|jha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-12.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[jha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨬ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ña}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-13.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ña]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨿ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ya}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-31.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ya]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩆ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|śa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-35.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[śa]}}
|-
! Retroflex
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨭ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṭa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-14.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṭa]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨮ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṭha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-15.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṭha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨯ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ḍa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-17.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ḍa]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨰ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ḍha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-15-5.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ḍha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨱ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṇa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-16.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṇa]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩁ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ra}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-32.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ra]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩇ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ṣa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-36.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ṣa]}}
|-
! Dental
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨲ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ta}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-18.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ta]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨳ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|tha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-19.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[tha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨴ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|da}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-20.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[da]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨵ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|dha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-21.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[dha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨶ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|na}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-22.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[na]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩃ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|la}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-33.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[la]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩈ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|sa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-37.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[sa]}}
|-
! Labial
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨷ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|pa}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-23.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[pa]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨹ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|pha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-25.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[pha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨻ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ba}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-27.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ba]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨽ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|bha}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-29.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[bha]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᨾ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|ma}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-30.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[ma]}}
| {{letter|l=sa|s=Lana|ch=ᩅ|ipa=|iso={{IAST|va}}}}
|[[File:Lanna-34.png|20px]] <br> {{IAST|[va]}}
|
|}
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