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'''Plant transformation vectors''' are [[plasmid]]s that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of [[transgenic plants]]. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are [[binary vectors|T-DNA binary vectors]] and are often replicated in both ''[[E. coli]]'', a common lab [[Bacteria|bacterium]], and ''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]'', a plant-virulent bacterium used to insert the [[recombinant DNA]] into plants.
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==Steps in plant transformation==
A custom DNA plasmid sequence can be created and replicated in various ways, but generally, all methods share the following processes
Plant transformation using plasmids begins with the propagation of the binary vector in ''E. coli.'' When the [[bacterial culture]] reaches the appropriate density, the binary vector is isolated and purified. Then, a foreign gene can be introduced. The engineered binary vector, including the foreign gene, is re-introduced in ''E. coli'' for amplification.
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* [[Insertional mutagenesis]] (but not lethal for the plant cell – as the organism is diploid)
* Transformation DNA fed to rodents ends up in their [[phagocyte]]s and rarely in other cells. Specifically, this refers to bacterial and [[M13 bacteriophage|M13]] DNA. (This preferential accumulation in phagocytes is thought to be real and not a detection artefact since these DNA sequences are thought to provoke [[phagocytosis]].) However, no [[gene expression]] is known to have resulted, and this is not thought to be possible.<ref name="Goldstein-et-al-2005">{{cite journal | last1=Goldstein | first1=Daniel A. | last2=Tinland | first2=Bruno | last3=Gilbertson | first3=Lawrence A. | last4=Staub | first4=J.M. | last5=Bannon | first5=G.A. | last6=Goodman | first6=R.E. | last7=McCoy | first7=R.L. | last8=Silvanovich | first8=A. | title=Human safety and genetically modified plants: a review of antibiotic resistance markers and future transformation selection technologies | journal=[[Journal of Applied Microbiology]] | publisher=[[Society for Applied Microbiology]] ([[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]]) | volume=99 | issue=1 | year=2005 | issn=1364-5072 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02595.x | pages=7–23| pmid=15960661 | doi-access= | s2cid=40454719 }}</ref><ref name="Lemaux-2008">{{cite journal | last=Lemaux | first=Peggy G. | title=Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I) | journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=59 | issue=1 | year=2008 | issn=1543-5008 | doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840 | pages=771–812 | pmid=18284373 | bibcode=2008AnRPB..59..771L }}</ref>
==Plasmid selection==
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T-DNA contains two types of genes: the [[Oncogene|oncogenic genes]], encoding for [[Enzyme|enzymes]] involved in the synthesis of [[Auxin|auxins]] and [[Cytokinin|cytokinins]] and responsible for [[tumor]] formation, and the genes encoding for the synthesis of [[Opine|opines]]. These compounds, produced by the condensation between [[Amino acid|amino acids]] and sugars, are synthesized and excreted by the crown gall cells, and they are consumed by A. tumefaciens as carbon and nitrogen sources.
The genes involved in opine [[catabolism]], T-DNA transfer from the bacterium to the plant cell and [[Bacterial conjugation|bacterium-bacterium plasmid conjugative transfer]] are located outside the T-DNA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |
==References==
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