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'''Plant transformation vectors''' are [[plasmid]]s that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of [[transgenic plants]]. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are [[binary vectors|T-DNA binary vectors]] and are often replicated in both ''[[E. coli]]'', a common lab [[Bacteria|bacterium]], and ''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]'', a plant-virulent bacterium used to insert the [[recombinant DNA]] into plants.
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* [[Insertional mutagenesis]] (but not lethal for the plant cell – as the organism is diploid)
* Transformation DNA fed to rodents ends up in their [[phagocyte]]s and rarely in other cells. Specifically, this refers to bacterial and [[M13 bacteriophage|M13]] DNA. (This preferential accumulation in phagocytes is thought to be real and not a detection artefact since these DNA sequences are thought to provoke [[phagocytosis]].) However, no [[gene expression]] is known to have resulted, and this is not thought to be possible.<ref name="Goldstein-et-al-2005">{{cite journal | last1=Goldstein | first1=Daniel A. | last2=Tinland | first2=Bruno | last3=Gilbertson | first3=Lawrence A. | last4=Staub | first4=J.M. | last5=Bannon | first5=G.A. | last6=Goodman | first6=R.E. | last7=McCoy | first7=R.L. | last8=Silvanovich | first8=A. | title=Human safety and genetically modified plants: a review of antibiotic resistance markers and future transformation selection technologies | journal=[[Journal of Applied Microbiology]] | publisher=[[Society for Applied Microbiology]] ([[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]]) | volume=99 | issue=1 | year=2005 | issn=1364-5072 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02595.x | pages=7–23| pmid=15960661 | doi-access= | s2cid=40454719 }}</ref><ref name="Lemaux-2008">{{cite journal | last=Lemaux | first=Peggy G. | title=Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I) | journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=59 | issue=1 | year=2008 | issn=1543-5008 | doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840 | pages=771–812 | pmid=18284373 | bibcode=2008AnRPB..59..771L }}</ref>
==Plasmid selection==
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T-DNA contains two types of genes: the [[Oncogene|oncogenic genes]], encoding for [[Enzyme|enzymes]] involved in the synthesis of [[Auxin|auxins]] and [[Cytokinin|cytokinins]] and responsible for [[tumor]] formation, and the genes encoding for the synthesis of [[Opine|opines]]. These compounds, produced by the condensation between [[Amino acid|amino acids]] and sugars, are synthesized and excreted by the crown gall cells, and they are consumed by A. tumefaciens as carbon and nitrogen sources.
The genes involved in opine [[catabolism]], T-DNA transfer from the bacterium to the plant cell and [[Bacterial conjugation|bacterium-bacterium plasmid conjugative transfer]] are located outside the T-DNA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hooykaas |first1=Paul J. J. |last2=Schilperoort |first2=Rob A. |date=1992-05-01 |title=Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015604 |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=15–38 |doi=10.1007/BF00015604 |pmid=1600167 |bibcode=1992PMolB..19...15H |s2cid=36172990 |issn=1573-5028|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Zupan |first1=J. R. |last2=Zambryski |first2=P. |date=1995-04-01 |title=Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium to the Plant Cell |url=https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.4.1041 |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=1041–1047 |doi=10.1104/pp.107.4.1041 |issn=0032-0889 |pmc=157234 |pmid=7770515}}</ref> The T-DNA fragment is flanked by 25-bp direct repeats, which act as a cis-element signal for the transfer apparatus. The process of T-DNA transfer is mediated by the cooperative action of [[Protein|proteins]] encoded by genes determined in the Ti plasmid virulence region (vir genes) and in the bacterial chromosome. The Ti plasmid also contains the genes for opine catabolism produced by the crown gall cells and regions for conjugative transfer and for its own integrity and stability. The 30 kb virulence (vir) region is a [[regulon]] organized in six [[Operon|operons]] essential for the T-DNA transfer (virA, virB, virD, and virG) or for the increasing of transfer efficiency (virC and virE).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeon |first1=Geoung-A |last2=Eum |first2=Jin-seong |last3=Sim |first3=Woong Seop |date=1998-02-01 |title=The Role of Inverted Repeat (IR) Sequence of the virE Gene Expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens pTiA6.
==References==
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