Duluth model: Difference between revisions

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{{POV|date=October 2024}}

The '''Duluth model''' is a communitypseudoscientific<ref>{{cite basedjournal |last1=Corvo |first1=Kenneth |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |date=2011 |volume=2 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> protocol for [[intimate partner violence]] (IPV).<ref name="Herman 2023">{{Cite book |last=Herman |first=Judith Lewis |title=Truth and repair: how trauma survivors envision justice |date=2023 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-5293-9500-6 |___location=London}}</ref> ItThe model is known{{Amongbiased whom|date=Octoberbecause 2024}}it toincorrectly becategorically biasedrejects women's violence, violence within same-sex relationships, bidirectional abuse, and was not created through academic study. <ref name="Myth: Duluth model">{{Cite web| title= Myth: Duluth model| url=https://equi-law.uk/duluth-model/ |date=31 December 2023 |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Unreliablecite journal source?|datelast1=OctoberBates 2024}}|first1=Elizabeth It|title=Current wasControversies purportedlywithin devisedIntimate toPartner bringViolence: [[lawOverlooking enforcement]],Bidirectional [[familyViolence law]],|journal=Journal andof [[socialFamily work]]Violence agencies|date=2016 together|volume=31 in|issue=8 a ''Coordinated Community Response'' to work together to reduce violence against women and rehabilitate perpetrators of domestic violence|pages=937–940|doi=10.1007/s10896-016-9862-7 It is named after [[Duluth, Minnesota]], the city where it was developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP).}}</ref><ref name="Mills2009">{{cite bookjournal |authorlast1=Linda G. MillsRizza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4h6S4ghM8wC&pgfirst1=PA27Johnna |title=ViolentBeyond PartnersDuluth: A BreakthroughBroad PlanSpectrum forof EndingTreatmentfor thea CycleBroad ofSpectrum AbuseDomestic Violence |publisherjournal=BasicMontana BooksLaw |year=2009Review |isbnvolume=978-0-7867-3187-970 |pageissue=261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TheFAQs Duluthabout Modelthe |date=15 March 2017Wheels |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/whatwheels/faqs-isabout-the-duluth-modelwheels/}}</ref> The|access-date=October model8, provides2024 a|website=The methodDuluth ofModel|date=15 coordinatingMarch community2017 agencies to provide a consistent response to female victims of Intimate Partner Violence that has three primary goals:}}</ref>

Academics prove it is an extreme, negative, and polarized model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donald |first1=Dutton |title=The Duluth model: A data-impervious paradigm and a failed strategy |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |date=2007 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=658–667 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2007.03.002}}</ref>

It was purportedly devised to bring [[law enforcement]], [[family law]], and [[social work]] agencies together in a ''Coordinated Community Response'' to work together to reduce violence against women and rehabilitate perpetrators of domestic violence. It is named after [[Duluth, Minnesota]], the city where it was developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP).<ref name="Mills2009">{{cite book |author=Linda G. Mills |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4h6S4ghM8wC&pg=PA27 |title=Violent Partners: A Breakthrough Plan for Ending the Cycle of Abuse |publisher=Basic Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7867-3187-9 |page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Duluth Model |date=15 March 2017 |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/what-is-the-duluth-model/}}</ref> The model provides a method of coordinating community agencies to provide a consistent response to female victims of Intimate Partner Violence that has three primary goals:

# Ensuring survivor safety.

# Providing a way to hold offenders/abusive partners accountable for their violence.

# Changing the climate of tolerance for this form of violence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shepard |first=Melanie |title=Coordinating Community Responses to Domestic Violence: Lessons from Duluth and Beyond |publisher=Sage |year=1999 |editor-last=Pence |editor-first=Ellen |publication-place=Thousand Oaks, CA}}</ref>

Part of this model is the men's [[behavior change (public health)|behavior change]] program ''Creating a Process of Change for Men who Batter'': ''The'' ''Duluth Curriculum''. The curriculum is the most common batterer [[public health intervention|intervention program]] used in the [[United States]].<ref name="BennettHess2006">{{cite book|author1=Wayne Bennett|author2=Kären Hess|title=Criminal Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sho7Bfh50wC&pg=PA281|year=2006|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-495-09340-8|page=281|edition=8th}}</ref> Advocates of the Duluth model claim it is successful because it is grounded in the experience of female victims, helps offenders and society change, and pulls the whole community together to respond.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the Duluth Model Works |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/what-is-the-duluth-model/duluth-model-works/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs |date=15 March 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The model is focused around violence perpetrated by men against women, and does not cover other instances of IPV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQs about the Wheels |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/wheels/faqs-about-the-wheels/ |access-date=October 8, 2024 |website=The Duluth Model|date=15 March 2017 }}</ref>

The Duluth Model Coordinated Community Response has received multiple awards for its grassroots efforts to end intimate partner violence,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Recognition |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DAIP-History-and-Recognition-2017.pdf}}</ref> including the [[World Future Council]]'s Future Policy Award in 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Future Council |date=14 October 2014 |url=https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/future-policy-award-2014/}}</ref> It has been criticized by mental health professionals who focus on individual behaviour and reject a social model of battering. Edward Gondolf critiques the narrow forms of evidence used to evaluate interventions, arguing that the biomedical research model is inappropriate for evaluating the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gondolf |first=E |title=The future of batterer programs: reassessing evidence based practice |publisher=North Eastern University Press |year=2012 |___location=Boston, MA}}</ref>

==Origin and theory==

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==Effectiveness==

An early U.S. government sponsored study found that batterers who complete programs based on the Duluth Model are less likely to repeat acts of domestic violence than those who do not complete any batterers' intervention program.<ref name="MTwohey"/> A 2003 study conducted by the U.S. National Institute of Justice found the Duluth Model to have "little or no effect".<ref>https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/195079.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> This study had considerable shortfalls, and the National Institute of Justice said in its introduction that "response rates were low, many people dropped out of the program, and victims could not be found for subsequent interviews. The tests used to measure batterers' attitudes toward domestic violence and their likelihood to engage in future abuse were of questionable validity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gondolf |first=Edward W. |date=2007-11-01 |title=Theoretical and research support for the Duluth Model: A reply to dutton and corvo |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178907000341 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=644–657 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2007.03.001 |issn=1359-1789|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A 2003 longitudinal, four-year evaluation by E. W. Gondolf, covering four cities, shows clear deescalation of reassault and other abuse, with 80% of men reaching sustained non-violence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gondolf |first=Edward W |date=2004-09-01 |title=Evaluating batterer counseling programs: A difficult task showing some effects and implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178903000508 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=605–631 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2003.06.001 |issn=1359-1789|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A 2005 study led by Larry Bennett, a professor of social work at the University of Illinois at Chicago and an expert on batterer intervention programs, found that of the 30 batterer intervention programs in [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]], [[Illinois]], 15 percent of batterers who completed the programs were rearrested for domestic violence, compared with 37 percent of those who dropped out of the programs.<ref name="MTwohey" /> Bennett said the studies are largely meaningless because they lacked a proper control group.<ref name="MTwohey" /> He added that participants who complete domestic violence programs are likely to be more motivated than others to improve behavior and would be less inclined to offend again.<ref name="MTwohey" />

A 2011 review of the effectiveness of batterers intervention programs (BIP), primarily the Duluth model, found that "there is no solid empirical evidence for either the effectiveness or relative superiority of any of the current group interventions," and that "the more rigorous the methodology of evaluation studies, the less encouraging their findings."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://fisafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/BIPsEffectiveness.pdf|title=The Effectiveness of Batterer Intervention Programs |date= 2011|website=fisafoundation.org|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> That is, as BIPs in general, and Duluth model programs in particular are subject to increasingly rigorous review, their success rate approaches zero. A 2014 news report reported zero percent recidivism within five years for a batterers intervention program based on [[Nonviolent Communication]], and contrasted this with a recidivism rate of 40 percent within five years for a batterers intervention program based on the Duluth model as reported by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project.<ref name="Battering">{{cite news|title=Batterers' intervention recidivism rates lowest known to date|url=http://www.mtdemocrat.com/news/batterers-intervention-recidivism-rates-lowest-known-to-date/|access-date=21 September 2017|newspaper=Mountain Democrat (Placerville, CA)|date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

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Criticism of the Duluth Model has centered on the program's sexist insistence that men are perpetrators who are violent because they have been socialized in a patriarchy that condones male violence, and that women are victims who are violent only in self-defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2027&context=mlr|title=Beyond Duluth: A Broad Spectrum of Treatment for a Broad Spectrum Domestic Violence|last=Rizza|first=Johnna|website=scholarship.law.umt.edu|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629131815/https://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2027&context=mlr|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some critics argue that "programs based on the Duluth Model may ignore research linking domestic violence to [[substance abuse]] and psychological problems, such as attachment disorders, traced to childhood abuse or neglect, or the absence of a history of adequate socialization and training."<ref name="MTwohey"/><ref name=Fisher2009>Fisher, Andy, Rick Goodwin and Mark Patton. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214221023/https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/cornwall/en/report/research_papers/Party_RP/4_Men_and_Healing-Dec_24_2008.pdf “Men & Healing: Theory, Research, and Practice in Working with Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.”] The Men's Project, Funded by the Cornwall Public Inquiry</ref>

Others criticize the Duluth Model as being overly confrontational rather than therapeutic, focusing solely on changing the abuser's actions and attitudes rather than dealing with underlying emotional and psychological issues.<ref name="Fisher2009" /> Donald Dutton, a psychology professor at the [[University of British Columbia]] who has studied abusive personalities, states: "The Duluth Model was developed by people who didn't understand anything about therapy."<ref name="MTwohey">{{cite web | last= Twohey | first = Megan | title = How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped? | publisher = Chicago Tribune | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 | date = 2 January 2009 | access-date = 28 January 2009}}</ref> Dutton also observes that "lesbian battering is more frequent than heterosexual battering".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Donald G.|date=February 1994|title=Patriarchy and Wife Assault: The Ecological Fallacy|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15503361|journal=[[Violence and Victims]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=167–182|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167|issn=0886-6708|pmid=7696196|s2cid=35155731}}</ref> Philip W. Cook comments that in the case of homosexual domestic violence, the patriarchy is absent: there is no male dominance of women in same-sex relationships, and in fact female on female abuse is reported more than twice as frequently as male on male abuse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Philip W. |date=2009 |title=Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpudCuNgNPcC&pg=PA36 |___location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |pages=36–39 |isbn=9780313356186}}</ref> Furthermore, some critics argue that the model ignores the reality that women can be the perpetrators of domestic violence in heterosexual relationships. Its proponents counter that the Duluth model is effective and makes best use of scarce resources.<ref>Michael Paymar and Graham Barnes, "[http://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/files/Countering_Confusion_Duluth_Model.pdf Countering Confusion About the Duluth Model] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319081107/http://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/files/Countering_Confusion_Duluth_Model.pdf |date=19 March 2015 }}", Battered Women’s Justice Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota</ref> [[Ellen Pence]], herselfco-founder of the DAIP, writes:

{{Blockquote|By determining that the need or desire for power was the motivating force behind battering, we created a conceptual framework that, in fact, did not fit the lived experience of many of the men and women we were working with. The DAIP staff ... remained undaunted by the difference in our theory and the actual experiences of those we were working with ... It was the cases themselves that created the chink in each of our theoretical suits of armor. Speaking for myself, I found that many of the men I interviewed did not seem to articulate a desire for power over their partner. Although I relentlessly took every opportunity to point out to men in the groups that they were so motivated and merely in denial, the fact that few men ever articulated such a desire went unnoticed by me and many of my coworkers. Eventually, we realized that [[Confirmation bias|we were finding what we had already predetermined to find]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pence|first=Ellen|chapter=Some Thoughts on Philosophy|title=Coordinating Community Responses to Domestic Violence: Lessons from Duluth and Beyond|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/coordinatingcomm00mela|chapter-url-access=registration|___location=Thousand Oaks, CA.|publisher=Sage|date=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/coordinatingcomm00mela/page/29 29–30]|editor1-first=Melanie|editor1-last=Shepherd|editor2-last=Pence|editor2-first=Ellen}}</ref>}}

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==See also==

* [[Abusive power and control]]

* ''[[Depp v. Heard]]''

* [[Outline of domestic violence]]

* [[Rape shield law]]