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adhere to WP:BRD; take this to the talk-page to seek consensus before changing stable version of text |
use slightly clearer language with regards to the rejection of certain violence |
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{{POV|date=October 2024}}
The '''Duluth model''' is a pseudoscientific<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corvo |first1=Kenneth |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |date=2011 |volume=2 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> protocol for [[intimate partner violence]] (IPV).<ref name="Herman 2023">{{Cite book |last=Herman |first=Judith Lewis |title=Truth and repair: how trauma survivors envision justice |date=2023 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-5293-9500-6 |___location=London}}</ref> The model is biased because it
It was purportedly devised to bring [[law enforcement]], [[family law]], and [[social work]] agencies together in a ''Coordinated Community Response'' to work together to reduce violence against women and rehabilitate perpetrators of domestic violence. It is named after [[Duluth, Minnesota]], the city where it was developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP).<ref name="Mills2009">{{cite book |author=Linda G. Mills |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4h6S4ghM8wC&pg=PA27 |title=Violent Partners: A Breakthrough Plan for Ending the Cycle of Abuse |publisher=Basic Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7867-3187-9 |page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Duluth Model |date=15 March 2017 |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/what-is-the-duluth-model/}}</ref> The model provides a method of coordinating community agencies to provide a consistent response to female victims of Intimate Partner Violence that has three primary goals:
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Criticism of the Duluth Model has centered on the program's sexist insistence that men are perpetrators who are violent because they have been socialized in a patriarchy that condones male violence, and that women are victims who are violent only in self-defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2027&context=mlr|title=Beyond Duluth: A Broad Spectrum of Treatment for a Broad Spectrum Domestic Violence|last=Rizza|first=Johnna|website=scholarship.law.umt.edu|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629131815/https://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2027&context=mlr|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some critics argue that "programs based on the Duluth Model may ignore research linking domestic violence to [[substance abuse]] and psychological problems, such as attachment disorders, traced to childhood abuse or neglect, or the absence of a history of adequate socialization and training."<ref name="MTwohey"/><ref name=Fisher2009>Fisher, Andy, Rick Goodwin and Mark Patton. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214221023/https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/cornwall/en/report/research_papers/Party_RP/4_Men_and_Healing-Dec_24_2008.pdf “Men & Healing: Theory, Research, and Practice in Working with Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.”] The Men's Project, Funded by the Cornwall Public Inquiry</ref>
Others criticize the Duluth Model as being overly confrontational rather than therapeutic, focusing solely on changing the abuser's actions and attitudes rather than dealing with underlying emotional and psychological issues.<ref name="Fisher2009" /> Donald Dutton, a psychology professor at the [[University of British Columbia]] who has studied abusive personalities, states: "The Duluth Model was developed by people who didn't understand anything about therapy."<ref name="MTwohey">{{cite web | last= Twohey | first = Megan | title = How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped? | publisher = Chicago Tribune | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 | date = 2 January 2009 | access-date = 28 January 2009}}</ref> Dutton also observes that "lesbian battering is more frequent than heterosexual battering".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Donald G.|date=February 1994|title=Patriarchy and Wife Assault: The Ecological Fallacy|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15503361|journal=[[Violence and Victims]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=167–182|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167|issn=0886-6708|pmid=7696196|s2cid=35155731}}</ref> Philip W. Cook comments that in the case of homosexual domestic violence, the patriarchy is absent: there is no male dominance of women in same-sex relationships, and in fact female on female abuse is reported more than twice as frequently as male on male abuse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Philip W. |date=2009 |title=Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpudCuNgNPcC&pg=PA36 |___location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |pages=36–39 |isbn=9780313356186}}</ref> Furthermore, some critics argue that the model ignores the reality that women can be the perpetrators of domestic violence in heterosexual relationships. Its proponents counter that the Duluth model is effective and makes best use of scarce resources.<ref>Michael Paymar and Graham Barnes, "[http://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/files/Countering_Confusion_Duluth_Model.pdf Countering Confusion About the Duluth Model] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319081107/http://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/files/Countering_Confusion_Duluth_Model.pdf |date=19 March 2015 }}", Battered Women’s Justice Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota</ref> [[Ellen Pence]],
{{Blockquote|By determining that the need or desire for power was the motivating force behind battering, we created a conceptual framework that, in fact, did not fit the lived experience of many of the men and women we were working with. The DAIP staff ... remained undaunted by the difference in our theory and the actual experiences of those we were working with ... It was the cases themselves that created the chink in each of our theoretical suits of armor. Speaking for myself, I found that many of the men I interviewed did not seem to articulate a desire for power over their partner. Although I relentlessly took every opportunity to point out to men in the groups that they were so motivated and merely in denial, the fact that few men ever articulated such a desire went unnoticed by me and many of my coworkers. Eventually, we realized that [[Confirmation bias|we were finding what we had already predetermined to find]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pence|first=Ellen|chapter=Some Thoughts on Philosophy|title=Coordinating Community Responses to Domestic Violence: Lessons from Duluth and Beyond|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/coordinatingcomm00mela|chapter-url-access=registration|___location=Thousand Oaks, CA.|publisher=Sage|date=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/coordinatingcomm00mela/page/29 29–30]|editor1-first=Melanie|editor1-last=Shepherd|editor2-last=Pence|editor2-first=Ellen}}</ref>}}
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