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[[Image:EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg|thumb|ISBN represented as [[European Article Number|EAN-13 bar code]] showing both machine-readable bars and human-readable digits]]
In [[communication]]s and [[computing]], a '''machine-readable medium'''
The result is called '''machine-readable data''' or '''computer-readable data''', and the data itself can be described as having '''machine-readability'''.
==Data==
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Machine-readable data may be classified into two groups: human-readable data that is [[markup language|marked up]] so that it can also be read by machines (e.g. [[microformat]]s, [[RDFa]], [[HTML]]), and [[data file]] formats intended principally for processing by machines ([[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]], [[XML]], [[JSON]]). These formats are only machine readable if the data contained within them is formally structured; exporting a CSV file from a badly structured spreadsheet does not meet the definition.
''Machine readable'' is not synonymous with ''digitally accessible''. A digitally accessible document may be online, making it easier for humans to access via computers, but its content is much harder to extract, transform, and process via computer programming logic if it is not machine-readable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.data.gov/developers/blog/primer-machine-readability-online-documents-and-data|title=A Primer on Machine Readability for Online Documents and Data|date=2012-09-24|work=Data.gov|first1=Jim|last1=Hendler|first2=Theresa A.|last2=Pardo|access-date=2015-02-27|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320062134/https://www.data.gov/developers/blog/primer-machine-readability-online-documents-and-data|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Extensible Markup Language]] (XML) is designed to be both human- and machine-readable, and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) is used to improve the presentation of the data for human readability. For example, XSLT can be used to automatically render XML in [[Portable Document Format]] ([[PDF]]). Machine-readable data can be automatically transformed for human-readability but, generally speaking, the reverse is not true.
For purposes of implementation of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Modernization Act, the [[Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) defines "machine readable format" as follows: "Format in a standard computer language (not English text) that can be read automatically by a web browser or computer system. (e.g.; xml). Traditional word processing documents and portable document format (PDF) files are easily read by humans but typically are difficult for machines to interpret. Other formats such as extensible markup language ([[XML]]), ([[JSON]]), or spreadsheets with header columns that can be exported as comma separated values (CSV) are machine readable formats. As HTML is a structural markup language, discreetly labeling parts of the document, computers are able to gather document components to assemble tables of contents, outlines, literature search bibliographies, etc. It is possible to make traditional word processing documents and other formats machine readable but the documents must include enhanced structural elements."<ref>[https://
==Media==
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****[[Music roll]]
*** [[Music box]] cylinder or disk
**Grooves ''(See also: [[Audio storage|Audio Data]])''
*** [[Phonograph cylinder]]
*** [[Gramophone record]]
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