Content and language integrated learning: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Learning through an additional language}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=JulyOctober 20132023}}

'''Content and language integrated learning''' ('''CLIL''')<ref>[http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/clil British Council BBC Teaching English]</ref> is a term created in 1994 by [[David Marsh]]<ref>[http://www.educlusterfinland.fi/en/contact-us/global-operations/david-marsh David Marsh]</ref> as a methodology similar to but distinct from [[language immersion]] and [[content-based instruction]]. It is an approach for learning content through an additional language (foreign or second), thus teaching both the subject and the language. The idea of its proponents was to create an "umbrella term" which encompasses different forms of using language as the medium of instruction.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.onestopenglish.com/clil/what-is-clil/ | title=What is CLIL? | work=Onestopenglish | accessdate=September 14, 2016}}</ref>

'''Content and language integrated learning''' ('''CLIL''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Council BBC Teaching English |url=http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/clil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143136/http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/clil |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=8 July 2010 |website=teachingenglish.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="TESOL">{{Cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=G. |last2=McKinley |first2=J. |title=The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching |chapter=Integration of Content and Language Learning |date=2018 |url=http://www.englishappliedlinguistics.com/uploads/2/4/1/9/2419477/integration_of_content_and_langauge_tesol_encyclopedia_author_version.pdf |url-status=usurped |volume=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0634 |isbn=9781118784228 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052655/http://www.englishappliedlinguistics.com/uploads/2/4/1/9/2419477/integration_of_content_and_langauge_tesol_encyclopedia_author_version.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2018 |accessdate=10 January 2018}}</ref> is an approach for [[Language learning|learning]] content through an [[additional language]] ([[Foreign language|foreign]] or [[Second language|second]]), thus [[Language teaching|teaching]] both the subject and the language.

CLIL is fundamentally based on methodological principles established by research on "language immersion". This kind of approach has been identified as very important by the [[European Commission]]<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2003:0449:FIN:EN:PDF Commission Of The European Communities Promoting Language Learning and Linguistic Diversity: An Action Plan 2004 – 2006]</ref> because: "It can provide effective opportunities for pupils to use their new language skills now, rather than learn them now for use later. It opens doors on languages for a broader range of learners, nurturing self-confidence in young learners and those who have not responded well to formal language instruction in general education. It provides exposure to the language without requiring extra time in the curriculum, which can be of particular interest in vocational settings." This approach involves learning subjects such as history, geography or others, through an additional language. It can be very successful in enhancing the learning of languages and other subjects, and helping children develop a positive attitude towards themselves as language learners.

==CLIL origin==

The European Commission has therefore decided to promote the training of teachers to "...enhancing the language competences in general, in order to promote the teaching of non-linguistic subjects in foreign languages".<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:320:0001:0003:EN:PDF Journal of the European Union Council Resolution of 21 November 2008 on a European strategy for multilingualism]</ref><ref>An educational project called [http://e-clil.uws.ac.uk/ ECLIL] was also supported from the European Union within the [http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/llp/index_en.php Lifelong Learning Programme EACEA Agency], to develop interactive resources for European schools.</ref>

The term '''CLIL''' was created in 1994 by [http://clil-cd.ecml.at/Team/Teammember4/tabid/941/language/en-GB/Default.aspx David Marsh] as a methodology similar to but distinct from [[language immersion]] and [[content-based instruction]]. The idea of its proponents was to create an "umbrella term" which encompasses different forms of using language as the medium of instruction.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.onestopenglish.com/clil/what-is-clil/ | title=What is CLIL? | work=Onestopenglish | accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> The methodology has been applied in a business context in many countries and widely accepted as an effective approach. In Italy, for example, it is being used as an accelerated method to teach management concepts in English to business people. Among CLIL's proponents and practitioners there is Maurizio Morselli, a Human Resources professional and Executive Coach, who believes that "this hybrid immersion approach produces a lot more immediate results and it appeals to self-motivated adult audiences who possess a basic knowledge and understanding of the target language". While being certainly interesting and providing a precious model of good practice, this experience shows that "there is validity in the belief that CLIL is an elite phenomenon [...]. It comes as no surprise that one of the current strands of international CLIL research stems indeed from the urgency to address issues of power and inequality [...]. The heterogeneity that has characterised the implementation of CLIL since its inception in Italy risks exacerbating this situation, with areas of the country that are more developed both linguistically and socio-economically reaping the greatest benefits of the approach."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aiello |first1=J. |title=The Routledge Handbook of Content and Language Integrated Learning |last2=Di Martino |first2=E. |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Banegas |editor-first=D. L. |___location=London |pages=419–432 |chapter=CLIL in Italy |editor-last2=Zappa-Hollman |editor-first2=S.}}</ref>

==CLIL and language immersion==

CLIL is fundamentally based on methodological principles established by research on "[[language immersion"]]. This kind of approach has been identified as very important by the [[European Commission]]<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2003:0449:FIN:EN:PDF Commission Of The European Communities Promoting Language Learning and Linguistic Diversity: An Action Plan 2004 – 2006]</ref> because: "It can provide effective opportunities for pupils to use their new language skills now, rather than learn them now for use later use. It opens doors on languages for a broader range of learners, nurturing self-confidence in young learners and those who have not responded well to formal language instruction in general education. It provides exposure to the language without requiring extra time in the curriculum, which can be of particular interest in vocational settings." This approach involves learning subjects such as history, geography, managerial skills/concepts or others, through an additional language. It can be very successful in enhancing the learning of languages and other subjects, and helping children develop a positive attitude towards themselves as language learners.

The European Commission has therefore decided to promote the training of teachers to "...enhancing the language competences in general, in order to promote the teaching of non-linguistic subjects in foreign languages".<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:320:0001:0003:EN:PDF Journal of the European Union Council Resolution of 21 November 2008 on a European strategy for multilingualism]</ref><ref>An educational project called [http://e-clil.uws.ac.uk/ ECLIL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517045532/http://e-clil.uws.ac.uk/ |date=17 May 2016 }} was also supported from the European Union within the [http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/llp/index_en.php Lifelong Learning Programme EACEA Agency], to develop interactive resources for European schools.</ref>

==CLIL objectives==

CLIL objectives are varied, but among the most relevant ones the following can be pointed out:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coyle |first1=D. |title=CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning |last2=Hood |first2=P. |last3=Marsh |first3=D. |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=Cambridge}}</ref> To improve the educational system. To establish the necessary conditions that will allow students to achieve the appropriate level of academic performance in CLIL subjects. To improve students' proficiency in both their mother tongue and the target language, attaching the same importance to each. To develop the intercultural understanding. To develop social and thinking skills.

CLIL advocates claim that this educational approach:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lorenzo |first1=F. |title=Educación bilingüe. Integración de contenidos y segundas lenguas |last2=Trujillo |first2=F. |last3=Vez |first3=J. M. |date=2011 |publisher=Síntesis |___location=Madrid}}</ref> Improves L1 and L2 development. Prepares students for the globalized world. Increases students' motivation to learn foreign languages. Promotes the learning of a more extensive and varied vocabulary. Enhances students' confidence in the target language. Improves language competence in the target language, CLIL being more beneficial than traditional foreign language teaching courses. Helps develop intercultural competence.

==CLIL in English as an international language==

The integration of content and language learning in [[international English|English as an international language]] (EIL) is found in approaches to [[bilingual education]].<ref name="TESOL" /> These approaches include [[language immersion|immersion]], [[content-based instruction]] (CBI), content-based language teaching (CBLT), and the movement towards [[English-medium education|English medium instruction]] (EMI). All of these approaches raise a number of questions that a view of English as an international language has for content-integrated approaches.<ref name="TESOL" />

===Multiplicity of terms===

The multiplicity of terms used to refer to instructional approaches for the integration of content and language learning (immersion, CBI, CBLT, CLIL, EMI) can be a source of confusion in EIL studies, although they all commonly share the purpose of additive bilingualism via a dual focus on content and language learning. Debate continues about the extent to which immersion, CBLT, CBI, and CLIL are different, similar, or the same. Some argue that CLIL represents an appropriate umbrella term that can be used to house various approaches towards content integration (e.g., immersion is a type of CLIL), where terms can be used interchangeably (e.g., CLIL and CBI are the same concept with a different name).<ref name="Cenoz">{{Cite journal |last1=Cenoz |first1=J. |last2=Genesee |first2=F. |last3=Gorter |first3=D. |date=2014 |title=Critical Analysis of CLIL: Taking Stock and Looking Forward |journal=Applied Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=243–262 |doi=10.1093/applin/amt011}}</ref> However, others argue that CLIL and CBI represent very different concepts, where CLIL represents the intersection between content and language from the content perspective (i.e., CLIL happens in content classes), while CBI is an attempt at responding to the content needs of learners in language classes.<ref name="Dalton-Puffer">{{Cite journal |last1=Dalton-Puffer |first1=C. |last2=Llinares |first2=A. |last3=Lorenzo |first3=F. |last4=Nikula |first4=T. |date=2014 |title="You Can Stand Under My Umbrella": Immersion, CLIL and Bilingual Education. A Response to Cenoz, Genesee & Gorter (2013) |journal=Applied Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=213–218 |doi=10.1093/applin/amu010}}</ref>

The similarities (and variability) between approaches lead to circular arguments about whether the key features of one approach are also shared by others (e.g., immersion and CLIL), and therefore they are indistinguishable. In some ways, this is an inevitable result of terms being used outside of academia, by educators applying ideas from one context to another,<ref name="Dalton-Puffer" /> and the lines of demarcation become more unclear as approaches are transported to different countries and contextualized to meet different learning situations.<ref name="TESOL" />

In EIL studies, different terms have been associated with different regions, such as CLIL, which is associated with Europe, and was "purposefully coined" by European educators and researchers attempting to influence language policy and ideology.<ref name="Dalton-Puffer" />{{Rp|page=214}} CLIL represented a deliberate attempt to develop a European model for additive bilingual education.<ref name="Cenoz" /> However, [[policy-maker|policy makers]], educators, and researchers from international contexts have started to apply and develop CLIL approaches in distinctly non-European situations, and the term is now widely used within the wider international foreign language learning community.<ref name="TESOL" />

==See also==

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==External links==

*[http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/language-teaching/doc236_en.htm European commission CLIL site]

*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160517045532/http://e-clil.uws.ac.uk/ ECLIL website]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Content And Language Integrated Learning}}

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[[Category:Education by subject]]

[[it:Immersione_linguisticaImmersione linguistica#CLIL]]