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{{Short description|Assembly languages for IBM System/360 and successor mainframes}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Basic Assembly Language
| logo =
| paradigm = [[assembly language]]
| year = 1964
| designer =
| developer = [[IBM]]
| latest_release_version =
| latest_release_date =
| implementations =
| typing =
| influenced_by =
| influenced =
| operating_system = [[IBM Basic Programming Support]], [[BOS/360|Basic Operating System/360]]
| license = free
| website =
}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Assembler D/E/F/G/H/XF
| logo =
| paradigm = [[assembly language#Macros|macro assembly language]]
| year = 1966
| designer =
| developer = [[IBM]]
| latest_release_version =
| latest_release_date = 1994
| implementations =
| typing =
| influenced_by =
| influenced =
| operating_system = IBM [[OS/VS]], [[DOS/VS]], [[VM/370]] and related
| license = varied
| website =
}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = High Level Assembler
| logo =
| paradigm = [[assembly language#Macros|macro assembly language]]
| year = 1992
| designer =
| developer = [[IBM]]
| latest_release_version = Version 1 Release 6
| latest_release_date =
| implementations = High Level Assembler
| typing =
| influenced_by =
| influenced =
| operating_system = IBM [[MVS/ESA]] and successors, [[VM/ESA]] and successors, [[VSE/ESA]] and successors
| license = proprietary
| website = https://www.ibm.com/products/high-level-assembler-and-toolkit-feature
}}
The '''IBM Basic assembly language and successors''' is a series of [[assembly language]]s and [[Assembler (computing)|assembler]]s made for the [[IBM System/360]] mainframe system and its successors through the [[IBM Z]].
<!-- Check minimum OS levels in announcement letter -->
The first of these, the '''Basic Assembly Language''' ('''BAL'''), is an extremely restricted [[assembly language]], introduced in 1964 and used on 360 systems with only 8 KB of main memory, and only a [[card reader]], a [[card punch]], and a printer for [[input/output]], as part of [[IBM Basic Programming Support]] (BPS/360). The Basic Assembler for BAL was also available as part of [[Basic Operating System/360]] (BOS/360).
Subsequently, an assembly language appeared for the System/360 that had more powerful features and usability, such as support for [[assembly language#Macros|macros]]. This language, and the line of assemblers that implemented it, continued to evolve for the [[System/370]] and the architectures that followed, inheriting and extending its syntax. Some in the computer industry referred to these under the generic term "Basic Assembly Language" or "BAL".<ref>For instance, see {{cite book | title=System/360–370 Assembler Language (OS) | first=Kevin | last=McQuillen | publisher=Mike Murach & Associates | ___location=Fresno, California | date=1975 | lccn=74-29645 | page=17}}</ref> Many did not, however, and IBM itself usually referred to them as simply the "System/360 Assembler Language",<ref>For instance, {{cite book | title=A Programmer's Introduction to IBM System/360 Assembler Language | publisher=International Business Machines Corporation | ___location=Poughkeepsie, New York | date=1969 }}</ref> as the "Assembler" for a given operating system or platform,<ref>For instance, on the "yellow card", sixth page of foldout, marked as for OS/VS, VM/370, and DOS/VS: {{cite document |date=November 1976 |title=System/370 Reference Summary |___location=White Plains, New York |publisher=IBM Corporation }} Fourth edition.</ref> or similar names. Specific assemblers were known by such names{{efn|IBM indicate the target sizes of its software with the letters
* D 16 KiB
* E 32 Kib
* F 64 KiB
* G 128 KiB
* H 256 KiB
* I 512 KiB}} as Assembler E, Assembler F, Assembler H, and so forth. Programmers utilizing this language, and this family of assemblers, also refer to them as ALC (for Assembly Language Coding), or simply "the assembler".
The latest derived language is known as the '''IBM High-Level Assembler''' ('''HLASM''').
==General characteristics==
As it is an [[assembly language]], BAL uses the native [[instruction set]] of the IBM mainframe architecture on which it runs, [[IBM System/360|System/360]], just as the successors to BAL use the native instruction sets of the IBM mainframe architectures on which they run, including [[IBM System/360|System/360]], [[IBM System/370|System/370]], [[IBM System/370-XA|System/370-XA]], [[IBM ESA/370|ESA/370]], [[IBM ESA/390|ESA/390]], and [[z/Architecture]].
The simplicity of machine instructions means that the [[source code]] of a program written in assembler will usually be much longer than an equivalent program in, say, [[COBOL]] or [[Fortran]]. In the past, the speed of hand-coded assembler programs was often felt to make up for this drawback, but with the advent of optimizing compilers, [[C (programming language)|C]] for the mainframe, and other advances, assembler has lost much of its appeal. IBM continues to upgrade the assembler, however, and it is still used when the need for speed or very fine control is paramount. However, all of the IBM successors to BAL have included a sophisticated macro facility that allows writing much more compact source code.
Another reason to use assembler is that not all operating system functions can be accessed in high level languages. The application program interfaces of IBM's mainframe operating systems is defined as a set of assembly language "macro" instructions, that typically invoke [[Supervisor Call instruction|Supervisor Call]] (<code>SVC</code>) [e.g., on z/OS] or Diagnose (<code>DIAG</code>) [on, e.g., z/VM] instructions to invoke operating system routines. It is possible to use operating system services from programs written in high-level languages by use of assembler subroutines.
==Assembler statement format==
[[Image:IBM System 360 Assembler Coding Form.jpg|thumb|right|Some programmers used an assembler coding form for the IBM 360 assembly languages and their successors]]
[[Image:IBM keypunch deck and program listing for Assembly language student program at New York University 1979.jpg|thumb|right|Keypunch cards and a printed assembly listing were common during IBM 370 assembly language use in the 1970s]]
The format of assembler language statements reflects the layout of an 80-column punched card, though successive versions have relaxed most of the restrictions.
* The optional statement label or ''name'' is a string alphanumeric characters beginning in column 1. The first character has to be alphabetic. Later versions added @, #, $, and _ to the legal characters used in labels, and increased the size from the initial six, to eight characters, then to almost unlimited lengths.
* The operation code or "mnemonic" can begin in any column to the right of column 1, separated from the statement label by a blank. The operation code would be only a machine instruction (macros were not available), making it usually 1, 2, 3, or rarely 4 letters. The operation code was enhanced to allow up to eight characters, then later to effectively unlimited lengths.
* The operand field can begin in any column to the right of the operation code, separated from the operation code by at least one blank. Blanks are invalid in operands except in character constants. The operand field, consisting of one or more operands, is optional depending on the operation code.
* Optional comments can appear to the right of the operand field, separated by at least one blank.
* ''Basic'' Assembly Language does not allow statement continuation. Later versions of the assembler indicate continuation by the appearance of any non-blank character in column 72 of the statement being continued. Basic Assembly Language requires that column 72 be blank.
* A "full-card comment" is indicated by an asterisk (*) in column 1.
* Card columns 73–80, called the ''identification-sequence field'' can be used by the programmer for any purpose, but usually contain sequence numbers for resorting a jumbled card deck.
Basic Assembly language also permits an alternate statement format with the statement starting in column 25, allowing the assembled instruction to be punched into the same card beginning in column 1. This option was not continued in later versions of the assembler.
==Types of instructions==
Three main types of instructions are found in the source code
===
Assembler instructions, sometimes termed [[Assembly language#Assembly directives|directives]], pseudo operations or pseudoops on other systems, are requests to the assembler to perform various operations during the code generation process. For instance, <code>CSECT</code> means "start a section of code here"; <code>DSECT</code> provides data definitions for a structure, but generates no code; <code>DC</code> defines a constant to be placed in the object code.
One of the more important assembler instructions is <code>USING</code>, which supports the base-displacement addressing of the S/360 architecture. It guides the assembler in determining what base register and offset it should use for a relative address. In BAL, it was limited to the form
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
USING base,reg-1,...,reg-n
</syntaxhighlight>
Machine instruction addresses on S/360 specify a ''displacement'' (0–4095 bytes) from the value in a ''base register''; while later versions of the architecture added relative-address formats, the older formats are still used by many instructions. <code>USING</code> allows the programmer to tell the assembler that the specified base registers are assumed to contain the address of "base", base+4096 (if multiple registers are specified), etc. This only provides a shortcut for the programmer, who otherwise would have to specify the base register in each instruction. Programmers are still responsible for actually loading the address of "base" into the register before writing code that depends on this value.
The related <code>DROP</code> assembler instruction nullifies a previous <code>USING</code>.
===Machine instructions (mnemonic)===
There is a one-to-one relationship with [[machine instruction]]s. The full mnemonic instruction set is described in the ''Principles of Operation''<ref>{{cite manual
| title = IBM System/360 Principles of Operation
| id = A22-6821-0
| url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-0_360PrincOps.pdf
| series = IBM Systems Reference Library
| publisher = IBM Corporation
| accessdate = Dec 6, 2018
}}
</ref> manual for each instruction set.
Examples:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
* This is a comment line
*
* ___location labeled 'ZIGGY' into general register 3: L 3,ZIGGY
SLA 4,5 shift the value in general register 4 left by 5 bits MVC TARGET,SOURCE move characters from
AP COUNT,=P'1' add 1 to value in memory ___location 'COUNT' (packed decimal format)
B NEXT unconditional branch to label 'NEXT'
HERE EQU * This is a label
CLC TARGET,=C'ADDRESS' Compare memory ___location 'TARGET' to string 'ADDRESS'
BE THERE branch if equal to program label 'THERE'
</syntaxhighlight>
Generally accepted standards, although by no means mandatory, include the identification of general purpose registers with mnemonics. Unlike assemblers for some other systems, such as [[X86 assembly language]], register mnemonics are not reserved symbols but are defined through <code>EQU</code> statements elsewhere in the program. This improves readability of assembler language programs and provides a cross-reference of register usage. Thus typically you may see the following in an assembler program:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
R3 EQU 3
...
L R3,ZIGGY
</syntaxhighlight>
Some notable [[w:nl:Instructieset van IBM 360|instruction]] mnemonics are <code title="Branch And Link Register">BALR</code>{{efn|Most uses of '''BALR''' have been replaced by <code title{{=}}"Branch And Save Register">BASR</code> and similar instructions.}} for a call storing the return address and condition code in a register, <code title="SuperVisor Call">[[Supervisor Call instruction|SVC]]</code>,{{efn|Many uses of <code title{{=}}"SuperVisor Call">[[Supervisor Call instruction|SVC]]</code> have been replaced by a <code title{{=}}"Program Call">PC</code> instruction.}} <code title="Diagnose">DIAG</code>,{{efn|VM repurposes <code title{{=}}"Diagnose">DIAG</code> as an <code title{{=}}"Hypervisor Call">[[Hypervisor|HVC]]</code> instruction.}} and <code title="Zero and Add Packed Decimal">ZAP</code>.<ref name="opl_bobm">{{cite web|url=http://www.bixoft.nl/english/opl_bobm.htm|title=HLASM - List of all Opcodes, Extended Mnemonics and Function Codes, Sorted by Mnemonic|accessdate=January 14, 2013}}</ref>
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System/360 machine instructions are one, two, or three [[Word (computer architecture)#Size families|halfwords]] in length (two to 6 bytes). Originally there were four instruction formats, designated by the first two bits of the operation code field; [[z/Architecture]] added additional formats.
===Macros and conditional assembly===
The
Most programs will require services from the [[operating system]], and the OS provides standard macros for requesting those services. These are analogous to [[Unix]] [[system call]]s. For instance, in [[MVS]] (later z/OS),
These macros are operating-system-dependent; unlike several higher-level languages, IBM mainframe assembly languages don't provide operating-system-independent statements or libraries to allocate memory, perform I/O operations, and so forth, and different IBM mainframe operating systems are not compatible at the system service level. For example, writing a sequential file would be coded differently in z/OS and in z/VSE.
==Examples==
The following fragment shows how the logic "If SEX = 'M', add 1 to MALES; else, add 1 to FEMALES" would be performed in assembler.
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
CLI SEX,C'M' Male?
BNE IS_FEM If not, branch around
L 7,MALES Load current value of MALES into register 7
LA 7,1(7) add 1
ST 7,MALES store back the result
B GO_ON Finished with this portion
IS_FEM EQU * A label
L 7,FEMALES Load current value in FEMALES into register 7
LA 7,1(7) add 1
ST 7,FEMALES store back the result
GO_ON EQU * - rest of program -
*
MALES DC F'0' Counter for MALES (initially=0)
FEMALES DC F'0' Counter for FEMALES (initially=0)
</syntaxhighlight>
The following is the ubiquitous [["Hello, World!" program]], and would, executing under an IBM operating system such as [[OS/VS1]] or [[MVS]], display the words 'Hello, World!' on the operator's console:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
HELLO CSECT The name of this program is 'HELLO'
* Register 15 points here on entry from OPSYS or caller.
STM 14,12,12(13) Save registers 14,15, and 0 thru 12 in caller's Save area
LR 12,15 Set up base register with program's entry point address
USING HELLO,12 Tell assembler which register we are using for pgm. base
LA 15,SAVE Now Point at our own save area
ST 15,8(13) Set forward chain
ST 13,4(15) Set back chain
LR 13,15 Set R13 to address of new save area
* -end of housekeeping (similar for most programs) -
WTO 'Hello, World!' Write To Operator (Operating System macro)
*
L 13,4(13) restore address to caller-provided save area
XC 8(4,13),8(13) Clear forward chain
LM 14,12,12(13) Restore registers as on entry
DROP 12 The opposite of 'USING'
SR 15,15 Set register 15 to 0 so that the return code (R15) is Zero
BR 14 Return to caller
*
SAVE DS 18F Define 18 fullwords to save calling program registers
END HELLO This is the end of the program
</syntaxhighlight>
<code>WTO</code> is an assembler macro that generates an operating system call. Because of saving registers and later restoring and returning, this small program is usable as a batch program invoked directly by the operating system [[Job control language]] (JCL) like this:
<syntaxhighlight lang="jcl">
// EXEC PGM=HELLO
</syntaxhighlight>
or, alternatively, it can be CALLed as a subroutine from such a program:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
CALL 'HELLO'
</syntaxhighlight>
==Versions==
[[Image:Program listing heading page for Assembler G as run on IBM 370 at New York University in 1979.jpg|thumb|right|Batch job printout showing identification page for Assembler G]]
With the exception of the assemblers for the [[IBM System/360 Model 20]], the IBM assemblers were largely upward-compatible. The differences were mainly in the complexity of expressions allowed and in macro processing. [[OS/360 and successors|OS/360]] assemblers were originally designated according to their memory requirements.
===Basic Programming Support assembler===
The assembler for [[IBM Basic Programming Support|BPS]] is the true "basic assembler." It was intended to be loaded from cards and would run on an 8 KB System/360 (except Model 20). It has no support for macro instructions or ''extended mnemonics'' (such as BH in place of BC 2 to branch if condition code 2 indicates a high compare). It can assemble only a single control section and does not allow ''dummy sections'' (structure definitions). Parenthesized expressions are not allowed and expressions are limited to three terms with the only operators being '+', '-', and '*'.<ref name=BAL>{{cite manual
| title = IBM System/360 Basic Programming Support Basic Assembler Language
| id = C20-6503-0
| date = February 1965
| url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/bos_bps/C20-6503-0_BAL_Feb65.pdf
| series = IBM Systems Reference Library
| publisher = IBM Corporation
| access-date = April 5, 2022
}}
</ref>{{rp|pages=59–61}}
===Basic Operating System assembler===
The [[BOS/360|Basic Operating System]] has two assembler versions. Both require 16 KB memory, one is tape resident and the other disk.<ref>{{cite manual
| title = IBM System/360 Basic Operating System Language Specifications Assembler (16K Disk/Tape)
| id = C24-3414-1
| date = December 1965
| url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/bos_bps/C24-3414-1_BOSasm_Dec65.pdf
| series = IBM Systems Reference Library
| publisher = IBM Corporation
| access-date = April 5, 2022
}}
</ref>{{rp|pages=7–8}}
===Assembler D===
Assembler D was the [[DOS/360 and successors|DOS/360]] assembler for machines with a memory size of 16 KB. It came in two versions: A 10 KB variant for machines with the minimum 16 KB memory, and a 14 KB variant for machines with 24 KB. An F-level assembler was also available for DOS machines with 64 KB or more. D assemblers offered nearly all the features of higher versions.<ref name=ASMD>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=IBM System/360 Disk and Tape Operating Systems Assembler Language|year=1970|url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/dos/asm/GC24-3414-7_Disk_and_Tape_Operating_Systems_Assembler_Language_Aug70.pdf|access-date=2024-09-19}}</ref>{{rp|page=7}}
===Assembler E and F===
Assembler E was designed to run on an OS/360 system with a minimum of 32 KB of main storage, with the assembler itself requiring 15 KB.<ref>{{cite book|title=IBM System/360 Operating System Assembler (32K) Program Logic Manual|year=1966|url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/asm/Y26-3598-0_32k_asmPLM_1966.pdf|publisher=IBM|id=Y26-3598-0}}</ref>{{rp|page=2}} Assembler F can run under either DOS/360 or OS/360 on a system with a 64 KB memory, with the assembler requiring 44 KB.<ref>{{cite book|title=IBM System/360 Disk Operating System Assembler [F] Program Logic|year=1968|url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/asm/Y26-3716-0_asm%28f%29_plm_Mar68.pdf|publisher=IBM|id=Y26-3716-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=IBM System/360 Operating System Assembler (F) Program Logic|year=1971|url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/asm/GY26-3700-2_asm%28f%29_plm_Jun71.pdf|publisher=IBM|id=GY26-3700-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=OS Assembler Language, OS Release 21|year=1974|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/asm/GC28-6514-9_OS_Assembler_Rel21_Jan74.pdf|publisher=IBM|id=GC28-6514-9}}</ref> These assemblers are a standard part of OS/360; the version that was generated was specified at [[System Generation (OS)|system generation]] (SYSGEN).
===Assembler H===
Assembler H runs on [[OS/360 and successors]]; it was faster and more powerful than Assembler F, but the macro language was not fully compatible.
Assembler H Version 2 was announced in 1981 and includes support for Extended Architecture (XA), including the <code>AMODE</code> and <code>RMODE</code> directives.<ref>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=MVS/Extended Architecture Conversion Notebook|year=1984|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/MVS_XA/GC28-1143-2_MVS-XA_Conversion_Notebook_May84.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|page=3{{hyp}}28}} It was withdrawn from marketing in 1994 and support ended in 1995. It was replaced by High Level Assembler.<ref>{{cite web|last=IBM Corporation|title=5668-962 IBM Assembler H Version 2 Release 1.0|website=[[IBM]] |date=20 December 1996|url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=dd&subtype=sm&appname=ShopzSeries&htmlfid=897/ENUS5668-962|accessdate=October 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924192756/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=dd&subtype=sm&appname=ShopzSeries&htmlfid=897/ENUS5668-962|archive-date=24 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Assembler XF===
Assembler XF is a mostly compatible upgrade of Assembler F that includes the new System/370 architecture instructions. This version provides a common assembler for OS/VS, DOS/VS and VM systems. Other changes include relaxing restrictions on expressions and macro processing. Assembler XF requires a minimum partition/region size of 64 KB (virtual). Recommended size is 128 KB.<ref>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=OS/VS Assembler Programmer's Guide|year=1973|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/OS_VS/assembler/GC33-4021-1_OS_VS_Assembler_Programmers_Guide_May73.pdf|access-date=2024-09-19}}</ref>{{rp|page=73}}
===High Level Assembler===
'''High Level Assembler''' or '''HLASM''' was released in June 1992 replacing IBM's Assembler H Version 2.<ref>{{cite web|last=IBM Corporation|title=IBM High Level Assembler and Toolkit Feature - Release History|website=[[IBM]] |date=19 October 2018 |url=https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/ibm-high-level-assembler-and-toolkit-feature-release-history|access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref><ref name="hlasm-announcement-letter">{{cite web|publisher=IBM Corporation|type=Announcement letter|id=292-244|title=IBM High Level Assembler/MVS & VM & VSE|date=5 May 1992 |url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS292-244|access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> It was the default translator for System/370 and System/390, and supported the MVS, VSE, and VM operating systems. As of 2023 it is [[IBM]]'s current [[Assembly language|assembler]] programming language for its [[z/OS]], [[z/VSE]], [[z/VM]] and [[z/TPF]] [[operating system]]s on [[z/Architecture]] [[mainframe computer|mainframe]] [[computers]]. Release 6 and later also run on [[Linux]], and generate [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] or [[GOFF]] object files (this environment is sometimes referred to as [[Linux on IBM Z]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=High Level Assembler for Linux on zSeries User's Guide|year=2008|url=https://publibfp.dhe.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/asml1020.pdf|access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref> While working at IBM, John Robert Ehrman<!-- 1935-2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20221015170120/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8xk8mnr/ https://web.archive.org/web/20221015172646/https://www.forevermissed.com/john-ehrman/about https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-ehrman-8794b26b --> created and was the lead developer for HLASM{{efn|HLASM followed a SHARE requirement to incorporate Greg Mushial's enhancements<ref>{{citation
| title = Module 24: SLAC Enhancements to and Beautifications of the IBM H-Level Assembler for Version 2.8
| author = Greg Mushial
| date = July 20, 1983
| work = SLAC VM NOTEBOOK
| publisher = Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
| url = https://www.gsf-soft.com/Documents/SLAC-MODS.html
}}
</ref> to Assembler H into the supported product.}} and is considered the "father of high level assembler".<ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to the John R. Ehrman collection |id=X5621.2010 |publisher=[[Online Archive of California]] |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8xk8mnr/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015170120/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8xk8mnr/ |archive-date=2022-10-15}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220419202358/http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/camvchm/102733967-Ehrman.pdf]</ref>
Despite the name, HLASM on its own does not have many of the features normally associated with a [[high-level assembler]]. The name may come from the additional macro language capabilities, such as the ability to write user-defined functions. The assembler is mostly similar to Assembler H and Assembler(XF), incorporating the [[SLAC]] (Stanford Linear Accelerator) modifications. Among features added were an indication of <code>CSECT</code>/<code>DSECT</code> for ___location counter, dependent{{efn|A dependent <code>USING</code> is one that specifies a relocatable expression instead of a list of registers:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
USING IHADCB,SYSPRINT
...
TM DCBOPTCD,DCBOPTC Test OPTCD in SYSPRINT
...
</syntaxhighlight>
}} and labelled{{efn|A labelled <code>USING</code> is one that only affects instructions that explicitly refer to it by qualifying an expression with a label:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
LA R4,SYSIN
LA R5,SYSPRINT
IN USING IHADCB,R4
OUT USING IHADCB,R5
...
TM IN.DCBOFLGS,DCBOFTM Test OFLGS in SYSIN
...
TM OUT.DCBOPTCD,DCBOPTC Test OPTCD in SYSPRINT
...
</syntaxhighlight>
}} <code>USING</code> statements, a list of <code>USING</code> statements currently active, an indication of whether a variable is read or written in the cross-reference, and allowing mixed-case symbol names.<ref name="hlasm-announcement-letter" />
The <code>RSECT</code> directive (Read-only Control Section) allows the assembler to check reentrancy on a per-section basis. <code>RSECT</code> was previously "undocumented and inconsistently implemented in Assembler H."<ref>{{cite book
| title = IBM High Level Assembler for MVS & VM & VSE Release 2 Presentation Guide
| id = SG24-3910-01
| series = Redbooks
| date = December 1995
| url = http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg243910.pdf
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160123064644/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg243910.pdf
| archive-date = 2016-01-23
| publisher = [[IBM]]
| access-date = September 29, 2023
}}
</ref>{{rp|page=41}}
====High Level Assembler Toolkit====
The '''High Level Assembler Toolkit''' is a separately priced accompaniment to the High Level Assembler. The toolkit contains:<ref>{{cite web|last=IBM Corporation|title=Toolkit Feature components|website=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/hla-and-tf/1.6?topic=feature-toolkit-components|access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>
* A set of [[structured programming]] [[Macro (computer science)|macros]] —
**IF/ELSE/ENDIF
**DO/ENDDO
**STRTSRCH/ORELSE/ENDLOOP/ENDSRCH
**CASENTRY/CASE/ENDCASE
**SELECT/WHEN/OTHRWISE/ENDSEL.
* A [[disassembler]].
* A "Program Understanding Tool" ([[Reengineering (software)|re-engineering]] aid).
* A Source XREF utility (cross-reference facility).
* Interactive Debug Facility.
* Enhanced SuperC (source comparison tool).
==Specialized versions==
===7090/7094 Support Package assembler===
The IBM 7090/7094 Support Package, known as SUPPAK, "consists of three programs designed to permit programs written for a System 360 to be assembled, tested, and executed on an IBM 709, 7090, 7094, or 7094 II."
This cross-assembler runs on a [[IBM 7090|7090 or 7094]] system and was used while System/360 was in development.<ref name=BAL /><ref>{{cite manual
| title = IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360
| id = C28-6501-2
| date = November 1964
| url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7090/C28-6501-2_7090_SupportForSys360_Nov64.pdf
| series = IBM Systems Reference Library
| publisher = IBM Corporation
| access-date = April 5, 2022
}}
</ref> This assembler supports six-bit [[BCD (character encoding)|BCD]] character set as well as eight-bit [[EBCDIC]].
===IBM System/360 Model 20 assemblers===
IBM supplied two assemblers for the Model 20: the Model 20 Basic Assembler, and the Model 20 DPS/TPS Assembler. Both supported only instructions available on the Model 20, including unique instructions <code>CIO</code>, <code>TIO</code>, <code>XIOB</code>, <code>SPSW</code>, <code>BAS</code>, <code>BASR</code>, and <code>HPR</code>.<ref name="M20">{{cite book |last1=IBM Corporation |title=IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk and Tape Programming Systems Assembler Language |date=April 1970 |url=https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/model20/GC24-9002-5_360-20asm_Apr70.pdf |access-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|page=110}} The Basic Assembler is a slightly more restricted version of System/360 Basic Assembler;<ref name="M20CPS">{{cite book |last1=IBM Corporation |title=IBM System/360 Model 20 Card Programming Support Basic Assembler Language |date=May 1969 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/model20/GC26-3602-5_360_20_Card_Programming_Support_Basic_Assembler_Language_Jan71.pdf |access-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref> notably, symbols are restricted to four characters in length. This version is capable of running on a system with 4 KB memory, and macro support is limited to [[IOCS]] macros. The card versions are two-pass assemblers that only support card input/output. The tape-resident versions are one-pass, using [[magnetic tape]] for intermediate storage. Programs assembled with the CPS Assembler can address a maximum of 16 KB.<ref name=M20CPS />{{rp|pages=7-8}}
The DPS/TPS assembler is a somewhat restricted version of System/360 BPS/BOS Assembler.<ref name=M20 />{{rp|pages=132–134}}
===IBM System/360 Model 44 PS assembler===
The [[IBM System/360 Model 44]] Programming System Assembler processes a language that is a "selected subset" of OS/360 and DOS/360 assembler language.
Most significantly the Model 44 assembler lacks support for macros and continuation statements. On the other hand it has a number of features not found in other System/360 assemblers—notably instructions to update a [[card image]] source dataset, named common, and implicit definition of <code>SETA</code> assembler variables.<ref>{{cite book |last1=IBM Corporation |title=IBM System/360 Model 44 Programming System Assembler Language |date=1966 |page=73 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/model44/C28-6811-1_Model_44_Programming_System_Assembler_Language_1966.pdf |accessdate=July 2, 2019}}</ref>
It has no support for storage-to-storage (SS) instructions or the ''convert to binary'' (<code>CVB</code>), ''convert to decimal'' (<code>CVD</code>), ''read direct'' (<code>RDD</code>) and ''write direct'' (<code>WRD</code>) instructions.<ref name=M44>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=IBM System/360 Model 44 Programming System Assembler Language|year=1966|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/model44/C28-6811-1_Model_44_Programming_System_Assembler_Language_1966.pdf|access-date=2024-09-19}}</ref> It does include four instructions unique to the Model 44: ''Change Priority Mask'' (<code>CHPM</code>), ''Load PSW Special'' (<code>LPSX</code>), ''Read Direct Word'' (<code>RDDW</code>), and ''Write Direct Word'' (<code>WRDW</code>).
It also includes directives to update the source program, a function performed by utility programs in other systems (<code>SKPTO</code>, <code>REWND</code>, <code>NUM</code>, <code>OMIT</code> and <code>ENDUP</code>).<ref name=M44 />{{rp|pages=53,73}}
===IBM System/360 TSS assembler===
The assembler for the [[TSS/360|System/360 Model 67 Time Sharing System]] has a number of differences in directives to support unique TSS features. The <code>PSECT</code> directive generates a ''Prototype Control Section'' containing relocatable address constants and modifiable data used by the program.<ref>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=IBM Time Sharing System Assembler Programmer's Guide|year=1976|url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/360/tss/GC28-2032-6_Time_Sharing_System_Assembler_Programmers_Guide_Apr76.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|page=143}}
===Assembler G===
"Assembler G" is a set of modifications made to Assembler F in the 1970s by the [[University of Waterloo]] (Assembler F was/is open source). Enhancements are mostly in better handling of input/output and improved buffering which speed up assemblies considerably.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stanford Linear Accelerator Center|title=GENERALIZED IBM SYSTEM 360 SOFTWARE MEASUREMENT (SLAC-PUB-715)|url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-0715.pdf|accessdate=October 8, 2012}}</ref> "Assembler G" was never an IBM product.
==Non-IBM assemblers==
There have been several IBM-compatible assemblers for special environments.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alcock|first=David|title=Dave's z/Architecture Assembler FAQ|url=http://planetmvs.com/hlasm/s390faq.html#PCASM|work=Planet MVS|accessdate=December 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The [[UNIVAC Series 90|Univac 90/60, 90/70 and 90/80]] series from [[Unisys]] was designed to accept IBM-format assembler, as the machine series was a workalike to the S/360 and S/370.
* The [[Fujitsu]] BS2000 series was also built as a 370 workalike from the same resource as Univac, and is still in use in some parts of Europe.<ref>Fujitsu ASSEMH manuals available from http://manuals.ts.fujitsu.com/index.php?id=1-2-2926-15435 (Retrieved 2016-02-27)</ref>
* Dignus LLC ''Systems/ASM'' is an HLASM-compatible assembler that can run natively on IBM systems or as a cross-assembler.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dignus, LLC|title=Systems/ASM|url=http://www.dignus.com/dasm/|accessdate=December 15, 2012}}</ref>
* Freeware ''PC/370'', written by Don Higgins, was later purchased by [[Micro Focus International|Micro Focus]].
* ''z390'' is an assembler and System 390 emulator also written by Don Higgins and is programmed in [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. It is open source and available from http://www.z390.org/
* Penn State University authored a package called ''[[ASSIST (computing)|ASSIST]]'', which includes a System 370 assembler and interpreter.
* Tachyon Software LLC markets the ''Tachyon Assembler Workbench'' which runs on Windows, Linux/x86, Linux for S/390 and zSeries, AIX and Solaris.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tachyon Software LLC|title=Tachyon Software|url=http://www.tachyonsoft.com/|accessdate=December 15, 2012}}</ref>
* [[GNU Assembler]] (gas) is part of the [[GNU Compiler Collection]] (gcc) for [[Linux on IBM Z|Linux on OS/390 and IBM Z]]. This assembler has a unique syntax that is incompatible with other assemblers for IBM architectures.
==Importance==
Originally all System/360 operating systems were written in assembler language, and all system interfaces were defined by macro definitions. Access from high-level languages (HLLs) was restricted to what that language supplied, and other system calls had to be coded as assembler subroutines called from HLL programs. Also, IBM allowed customization of OS features by an installation through what were known as ''Exits''—user-supplied routines that could extend or alter normal OS functions. These exits were required to be coded in assembler language. Later, IBM recoded OS/360 in a systems programming language, [[PL/S]], but, except for a short trial, decided not to release the PL/S compiler to users. As a result of these factors, assembler language saw significant use on IBM systems for many years.
==See also==
* [[IBM System/360]]
* [[ASSIST (computing)|ASSIST assembler]]
* [[PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes]] – list of compatible machines or virtual machines
* [[Disassembler]] – reverse process of Assembly, reconstructing assembly-like source from machine code
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikibooks|360 Assembly}}
* [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/hla-and-tf/1.6.0?topic=pdf-format-documentation PDF format documentation]
* [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/SSENW6_1.6.0/pdf/asmg1025_pdf.pdf High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE 1.6 General Information]
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/360/asm/SC20-1646-6_int360asm_Aug70.pdf A Programmer's Introduction to IBM System/360 Assembler Language (Student Text)]
* [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/SSENW6_1.6.0/pdf/asmr1024_pdf.pdf High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE Language Reference]
* [http://punctiliousprogrammer.com/ The Punctilious Programmer: IBM Mainframe Assembler]
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00NS797PQ Basic IBM Mainframe Assembly Language Programming]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613131443/http://ulita.ms.mff.cuni.cz/pub/predn/swi119/AssemblerIBM_390.pdf OS/390 Assembler Programming Introduction] (archived)
* [http://vintagebigblue.org/Compilerator/ASMF/dosvsASMFCompile.php Web enabled IBM Assembler F compiler for small experiments]
* [http://vintagebigblue.org/Compilerator/ASSIST/mvsAssistCompile.php ASSIST – Assembler System for Student Instruction & Systems Teaching]
[[Category:IBM software|Basic assembly language]]
[[Category:Assembly languages]]
[[Category:Assembly language software]]
[[Category:IBM System/360 mainframe line|Assembly language Basic]]
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