Comparison of programming languages (strings): Difference between revisions

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{{Unreferenced|date=February 2009}}

{{ProgLangCompare}}

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===Common variants===

{| class="wikitable"

|-

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|-

| +

| [[ALGOL 68]], [[BASIC programming language|BASIC]], [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Cobra (programming language) |Cobra]], [[PascalDart (programming language)|PascalDart]], [[ObjectEiffel Pascal(programming language)|Eiffel]], [[EiffelF Sharp (programming language)|EiffelF#]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[JavaScript]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[PythonJavaScript]], [[Object Pascal]], [[Objective-C]], [[Pascal (programming language)|PythonPascal]], [[TuringPython (programming language)|TuringPython]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[WindowsRust PowerShell(programming language)|Rust]], [[Objective-CScala (programming language)|Scala]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]], [[F SharpTuring (programming language)|F#Turing]], [[ScalaWindows (programming language)|ScalaPowerShell]], Ya

|-

| ++

| [[HaskellErlang (programming language)|HaskellErlang]], [[Erlang (programming language)|ErlangHaskell]]

|-

| $+

| [[MIRCmIRC scripting language|mIRC Scripting Language]]

|-

| &

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[AppleScript]], [[COBOL]] (for literals only), [[Curl (programming language)|Curl]], [[Seed7Microsoft Excel|Excel]], [[VHDLFreeBASIC]], [[Visual BasicHyperTalk]], [[MicrosoftNim Excel(programming language)|ExcelNim]], [[FreeBASICSeed7]], [[VHDL]], [[Visual Basic]], [[Visual Basic .NET]]

|-

| concatenate

| nconc

| [[Common Lisp]]

|-

| .

| Autohotkey, [[PerlMaple (software)|Maple]] (beforeup to version 65), [[PHPPerl]], and [[Maple computer algebra system|MaplePHP]] (up to version 5), Autohotkey

|-

| ~

| [[PerlD 6(programming language)|D]] and, [[DRaku (programming language)|DRaku]], [[Symfony]] (Expression Language component)

|-

| <nowiki>||</nowiki>

| [[Icon (programming language)|Icon]], Standard [[SQLMaple (software)|Maple]] (from version 6), [[PL/I]], [[Rexx]], andStandard [[Maple computer algebra system|MapleSQL]] (from version 6)

|-

| <>

| [[Mathematica]], [[Wolfram Language]], [[Elixir (programming language)|Elixir]]

|-

| ..

| [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]

|-

| :

| [[Pick Basic]]

|-

| ,

| [[JAPL (programming language)|APL]], [[Smalltalk]], [[APLJ (programming language)|APLJ]], [[Smalltalk]]

|-

| ^

| [[OCamlF Sharp (programming language)|F#]], [[Standard MLOCaml]], [[F SharpRc (programmingUnix languageshell)|F#rc]], [[rcStandard ML]]

|-

| //

| [[Fortran]]

|-

| *

| [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]]

|}

===Unique variants===

* [[AwkAWK]] uses the empty string: two expressions adjacent to each other are concatenated. This is called [[Juxtaposition (literary)|juxtaposition]]. [[Unix shell]]s have a similar syntax. [[Rexx]] uses this syntax for concatenation including an intervening space.

* [[C (programming language)|C]] (along with [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[Dart (programming language)|Dart]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Built-in types |url=https://dart.dev/language/built-in-types/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=dart.dev |language=en}}</ref>) allows juxtaposition for string literals, however, for strings stored as [[Character (computing)|character]] [[Array data structure|arrays]], the <code>[[strcat]]</code> function must be used.

* [[COBOL]] uses the <code>STRING</code> statement to concatenate string variables.

* [[MATLAB]] and [[GNU Octave programming language|Octave]] use the syntax "<code>[x y]</code>" to concatenate x and y.

* [[Visual Basic]] Versionsand 1[[Visual toBasic 6.NET]] can also use the "<code>+</code>" sign but, thisat leadsthe risk toof ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number is addedare together.

* [[Microsoft Excel]] allows both "<code>&</code>" and the function "<code>=CONCATENATE(X,Y)</code>".

* [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] has the <code>concat!</code> macro and the <code>format!</code> macro, of which the latter is the most prevalent throughout the documentation and examples.

== String literals ==

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=== Quoted interpolated ===

An expression is "interpolated" into a string when the compiler/interpreter evaluates it and inserts the result in its place.

"Interpolated" means that the interpreter/compiler does recognize a variable or constant identifier located inside the string and the content of the identifier will replace the identifier in the string.

<!-- Before you add your favorite language to this table, make sure it's not listed in another section. -->

{| class="wikitable"

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! Language(s)

|-

| <ttcode>$"hello, {name}"</ttcode>

| C#, Visual Basic .NET

| C#

|-

| <ttcode>"Hello, $name!"</ttcode>

| Bash[[Bourne shell]], Dart, Perl, PHP, Windows PowerShell

|-

| <ttcode>qq(Hello, $name!)</ttcode>

| Perl (alternate)

|-

| <ttcode>"Hello, {$name}!"</ttcode>

| PHP (alternate)

|-

| <ttcode>"Hello, #{name}!"</ttcode>

| CoffeeScript, Ruby, [[Elixir (programming language)|Elixir]]

|-

| <ttcode>%Q(Hello, #{name}!)</ttcode>

| Ruby (alternate)

|-

| <ttcode>(format tnil "Hello, ~A" name)</ttcode>

|[[Common Lisp]]

|-

| <ttcode>`Hello, ${name}!`</ttcode>

| JavaScript (ECMAScript 6)

|-

| <ttcode>"Hello, \(name)!"</ttcode>

| Swift

|-

| <code>f'Hello, {name}!'</code>

| Python

|}

=== Escaped quotes ===

"Escaped" quotes means that a 'flag' symbol is used to warn that the character after the flag is used in the string rather than ending the string.

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! Language(s)

|-

| <ttcode>"I said \"Hello, world!\""</ttcode>

| C, C++, C#, D, Dart, F#, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Ocaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Rust, Swift, Wolfram Language, Ya

|-

| {{nowrap|<ttcode><nowiki>'I said \'Hello, world!\''</nowiki></ttcode>}}

| CoffeeScript, Dart (alternate), JavaScript (alternate), Python (alternate)

|-

| <ttcode>"I said `"Hello, world!`""</ttcode>

| Windows Powershell

|-

| <ttcode>"I said ^"Hello, world!^""</ttcode>

| REBOL

|-

| <ttcode>{I said "Hello, world!"}</ttcode>

| REBOL (alternate)

|-

| <ttcode>"I said, %"Hello, World!%""</ttcode>

| Eiffel

|-

| <ttcode>!"I said \"Hello, world!\""</ttcode>

| FreeBASIC

|-

| {{nowrap|<code>r#"I said "Hello, world!""#</code>}}

|Rust (alternate)

|-

| {{nowrap|<code>R"("I said "Hello, world!")"</code>}}

|C++ (alternate)

|}

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! Language(s)

|-

| <ttcode>"I said ""Hello, world!"""</ttcode>

| Ada, ALGOL 68, COBOL, Excel, Fortran, FreeBASIC, Visual Basic, FreeBASIC, COBOL(.NET)

|-

| <ttcode><nowiki>'I said ''Hello, world!'''</nowiki></ttcode>

| Fortran, rcAPL, COBOL, SQLFortran, Object Pascal, Object Pascal, APLrc, Smalltalk, SQL

|}

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! Language(s)

|-

| <ttcode>@"'Hello, world!"'</ttcode>

| APL, Bourne shell, Fortran, Object Pascal, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Pick Basic, Ruby, Smalltalk, Windows PowerShell

|-

| <code>q(Hello, world!)</code>

| Perl (alternate)

|-

| <code>%q(Hello, world!)</code>

| Ruby (alternate)

|-

| <code>R"(Hello, world!)"</code>

| C++11

|-

| <code>@"Hello, world!"</code>

| C#, F#

|-

| <ttcode>r"Hello, world!"</ttcode>

| CobolCobra, FreeBASICD, JavaDart, JavaScriptPython, Pick BasicRust

|-

| <ttcode>r"'Hello, world!"'</ttcode>

| Dart (alternate)

| D, Python, Cobra

|-

| <ttcode>'"Hello, world!'"</ttcode>

| Cobol, FreeBASIC, Pick Basic

| APL, CoffeeScript, Fortran, Object Pascal, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Pick Basic, Windows PowerShell, Smalltalk

|-

| <ttcode>`Hello, world!`</ttcode>

| D, Go

|-

| <ttcode>Rraw"(Hello, world!)"</ttcode>

| C++11Scala

|-

| <code>String.raw`Hello, World!`</code>

| JavaScript (ECMAScript 6) {{ref|es6rawstr}}

|}

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|-

! Syntax

! Here <br/>document

! Language(s)

|-

| <pre><<EOF

| <tt><<EOF<br />I have a lot of things to say<br />and so little time to say them<br />EOF</tt>

I have a lot of things to say

| Yes

and so little time to say them

| [[Bourne shell]], Perl, PHP, Ruby

EOF</pre>

| {{Yes}}

| Bourne shell, Perl, Ruby

|-

| <ttpre><<<EOF<br />
I have a lot of things to say<br />
and so little time to say them<br />
EOF</ttpre>

| {{Yes}}

| PHP

|-

| <pre>@"

| <tt>@"<br />I have a lot of things to say<br />and so little time to say them<br />"@</tt>

I have a lot of things to say

| No

and so little time to say them

"@</pre>

| {{No}}

| Windows Powershell

|-

| <pre>"[

| <tt>"[<br />I have a lot of things to say<br />and so little time to say them<br />]"</tt>

I have a lot of things to say

| No

and so little time to say them

]"</pre>

| {{No}}

| Eiffel

|-

| <pre>"""

| <tt>"""<br />I have a lot of things to say<br />and so little time to say them<br />"""</tt>

I have a lot of things to say

| No

and so little time to say them

| CoffeeScript, Python, Groovy, Swift

"""</pre>

| {{No}}

| CoffeeScript, Dart, Groovy, Kotlin, Python, Swift

|-

|<pre>"

I have a lot of things to say

and so little time to say them

"</pre>

| {{No}}

|[[Common Lisp]] (all strings are multiline), Rust (all strings are multiline), Visual Basic .NET (all strings are multiline)

|-

| <pre>R"(

I have a lot of things to say

and so little time to say them

)"

</pre>

| {{No}}

| C++

|-

| <pre>r"

I have a lot of things to say

and so little time to say them

"</pre>

| {{No}}

| Rust

|-

| <pre>[[

I have a lot of things to say

and so little time to say them

]]</pre>

| {{No}}

| Lua

|-

| <pre>`

I have a lot of things to say

and so little time to say them

`</pre>

| {{No}}

| JavaScript (ECMAScript 6)

|}

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! Language(s)

|-

| <ttcode>13HHello, world!</ttcode>

| Hollerith notation

| Fortran 66

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| YAML

|}

== Notes ==

:1. {{note|es6rawstr}} <code>String.raw``</code> still processes string interpolation.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

:1. {{note|es6rawstr}} https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/raw

[[Category:Programming language comparisons|*Strings]]