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A '''space–time code''' ('''STC''') is a method employed to improve the reliability of data [[transmission (telecommunications)|transmission]] in [[wireless|wireless communication systems]] using multiple transmit [[antenna (radio)|antennas]]. STCs rely on transmitting multiple, [[redundancy (information theory)|redundant]] copies of a data stream to the [[receiver (radio)|receiver]] in the hope that at least some of them may survive the [[transmission medium|physical path]] between transmission and reception in a good enough state to allow reliable decoding.
==Types==
Space time codes may be split into two main types:
*[[Space–time trellis code]]s (STTCs)<ref name="construction">{{cite journal|author1=Vahid Tarokh |author2=Nambi Seshadri |author3=A. R. Calderbank |name-list-style=amp |title=Space–time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance analysis and code construction|journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory|pages=744–765|volume=44|issue=2|date=March 1998|doi=10.1109/18.661517|citeseerx=10.1.1.112.4293 }}</ref> distribute a [[convolutional code|trellis code]] over multiple antennas and multiple time-slots and provide both coding gain and [[diversity reception|diversity gain]].
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*[[Space–time line code]]s (STLCs)<ref name="STLC">{{cite journal|author=Jingon Joung |title=Space–Time Line Code |journal=[[IEEE Access]] |pages=1023–1041 | volume=6 |date=November 2017 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2777528|doi-access=free }}</ref> and STBCs are symmetric with respect to the transmit-and-receive processes, like a [[Maximal-ratio combining|maximum-ratio combining]] (MRC) and maximum-ratio transmission (MRT). The STLC scheme provides full [[diversity reception|diversity gain]] even when there is no full channel state information (CSI) at the receiver.
STC may be further subdivided according to whether the receiver knows the [[channel (communications)|channel]] impairments. In [[coherent space-time code|coherent STC]], the receiver knows the channel impairments through training or some other form of estimation. These codes have been studied more widely, and [[division
In [[noncoherent STC]] the receiver does not know the channel impairments but knows the statistics of the channel.<ref name="hm">{{cite journal|author1=Marzetta, T.L. |author2=Hochwald, B.M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Capacity of a mobile multiple-antenna communication link in Rayleigh flat fading|journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory|date=January 1999|volume=45|issue=1|pages=139–157|doi=10.1109/18.746779|citeseerx=10.1.1.134.4611 }}</ref> In [[differential space–time code]]s neither the channel nor the statistics of the channel are available.<ref name="jsac">{{cite journal|author=V. Tarokh and [[Hamid Jafarkhani|H. Jafarkhani]]|title=A Differential Detection Scheme for Transmit Diversity|journal=IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications|date=July 2000|volume=18|issue=7|doi=10.1109/49.857917|pages=1169–1174|citeseerx=10.1.1.421.8007|s2cid=1507749 }}</ref>
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