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But this is the expression for the treatment effect that was given in the [[#Formal Definition|formal definition]] and in the above table.
Variants of difference-in-difference frameworks include ones for staggered implementation of treatment as well as an estimator introduced for multiple time periods and other variations by Brantly Callaway and [[Pedro H.C. Sant'Anna]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Brantly |last2=Sant’Anna |first2=Pedro H. C. |date=2021-12-01 |title=Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304407620303948 |journal=Journal of Econometrics |series=Themed Issue: Treatment Effect 1 |volume=225 |issue=2 |pages=200–230 |doi=10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001 |issn=0304-4076|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Example==
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==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Angrist |first1=J. D. |last2=Pischke |first2=J. S. |year=2008 |title=Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12034-8 |pages=227–243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztXL21Xd8v8C&pg=PA227 }}
*Andrew Baker, Brantly Callaway, Scott Cunningham, Andrew Goodman-Bacon and Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna. 2025. "[[arxiv:2503.13323|Difference-in-Differences Designs: A Practitioner’s Guide.]]" ''Journal of Economic Literature''.
*{{cite book | first1 = Arthur C. |last1=Cameron |first2=Pravin K. |last2=Trivedi |year=2005 |title=Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=9780521848053 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511811241 |pages=768–772 |s2cid=120313863 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Imbens |first1=Guido W. |first2=Jeffrey M. |last2=Wooldridge |year=2009 |title=Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation |journal=[[Journal of Economic Literature]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=5–86 |doi=10.1257/jel.47.1.5 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3043416 }}
*{{cite journal |first1=Jon |last1=Bakija |first2=Bradley |last2=Heim |title=How Does Charitable Giving Respond to Incentives and Income? Dynamic Panel Estimates Accounting for Predictable Changes in Taxation |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 14237 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.3386/w14237 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |first1=T. |last1=Conley |first2=C. |authorlink1=Timothy G. Conley|last2=Taber |title=Inference with 'Difference in Differences' with a Small Number of Policy Changes |journal=NBER Technical Working Paper No. 312 |date=July 2005 |doi=10.3386/t0312 |doi-access=free }}
==External links==
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