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'''Electrical power system simulation''' involves power system modeling and network simulation in order to analyze electrical power systems using design/offline or real-time data. Power system simulation software's are a class of [[computer simulation]] programs that focus on the operation of electrical power systems. These types of computer programs are used in a wide range of planning and operational situations for electric power systems.
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Multiple elements of a power system can be modelled. A [[power-flow study]] calculates the loading on transmission lines and the power necessary to be generated at generating stations, given the required loads to be served. A short circuit study or fault analysis calculates the [[Prospective short-circuit current|short-circuit current]] that would flow at various points of interest in the system under study, for short-circuits between phases or from energized wires to ground. A coordination study allows selection and setting of [[protective relay]]s and fuses to rapidly clear a short-circuit fault while minimizing effects on the rest of the power system. Transient or dynamic stability studies show the effect of events such as sudden load changes, short-circuits, or accidental disconnection of load on the synchronization of the generators in the system. Harmonic or power quality studies show the effect of non-linear loads such as lighting on the waveform of the power system, and allow recommendations to be made to mitigate severe distortion. An optimal power-flow study establishes the best combination of generating plant output to meet a given load requirement, so as to minimize production cost while maintaining desired stability and reliability; such models may be updated in near-real-time to allow guidance to system operators on the lowest-cost way to achieve [[economic dispatch]].
There are many power simulation software packages in commercial and non-commercial forms that range from utility-scale software to study tools
==Load flow calculation==
The load-flow calculation<ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Arockiya|first=Xavier Prabhu |title=2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS) |chapter=Design of electrical system based on load flow analysis using ETAP for IEC projects |year=2016
Using network topology, transmission line parameters, transformer parameters, generator ___location and limits, and load ___location and compensation, the load-flow calculation can provide voltage magnitudes and angles for all nodes and loading of network components, such as cables and transformers. With this information, compliance to operating limitations such as those stipulated by voltage ranges and maximum loads, can be examined. This is, for example, important for determining the transmission capacity of underground cables, where the influence of cable bundling on the load capability of each cable has to be taken also into account.
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The objective function in OPF can take on different forms relating to active or reactive power quantities that we wish to either minimise or maximise. For example we may wish to minimise transmission losses or minimise real power generation costs on a power network.
Other power flow solution methods like stochastic optimization incorporate the uncertainty found in modeling power systems by using the probability distributions of certain variables whose exact values are not known. When uncertainties in the constraints are present, such as for dynamic line ratings, chance constrained optimization can be used where the probability of violating a constraint is limited to a certain value.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Giraldo
==Models of competitive behavior==
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#Generation expansion optimization
#Transmission expansion optimization
#Generation-transmission expansion co-optimization<ref>{{cite journal|last1=You|first1=Shutang|last2=Hadley|first2=Stanton W.|last3=Shankar|first3=Mallikarjun|last4=Liu|first4=Yilu|title=Co-optimizing generation and transmission expansion with wind power in large-scale power grids—Implementation in the US Eastern Interconnection|journal=Electric Power Systems Research|date=1 April 2016|volume=133|pages=209–218|doi=10.1016/j.epsr.2015.12.023|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EPSR..133..209Y }}</ref>
#Distribution network optimization
== Study specifications ==
A well-defined power systems study requirement is critical to the success of any project as it will reduce the challenge of selecting the qualified service provider and the right analysis software. The system study specification describes the project scope, analysis types, and the required deliverable. The study specification<ref>{{Cite web | title=Error | url=https://etap.com/docs/default-source/power-systems-study-specification/power_systems_study_specifications.pdf
== Power system simulation software ==
Over the years, there have been several power system simulation software used for various analysis. The first software with a graphical user interface was built by the University of Manchester in 1974 and was called IPSA<ref>{{Cite web | title=IPSA {{!}} Interactive Power System Analysis Software | url=https://www.ipsa-power.com/ | access-date=2025-04-04 | website=www.ipsa-power.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tneigroup.com/services/ipsa-software/ | title=IPSA Software }}</ref> - Interactive Power Systems Analysis (now owned by TNEI Services Ltd).<ref>"Computer Aided Design for Electricity Networks"; presentation at IEE Centre Meeting, Chester, UK, 2 February 1976. Farquhar, D.; Lynch, C.A.; Ravenscroft, G.; Nield, B.</ref><ref>"Power System Simulation using Interactive Computing and Graphical Display"; IFAC Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 21-25 February 1977, p369-373. Lynch, C.A.; Brameller, A.; Cale, K.R.</ref><ref>"Interactive Design and Operation of Power Systems"; PhD Thesis, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), 1977. Lynch, C.A.</ref><ref>"An Established CAD System for Electrical Power System Analysis"; CAD78 Conference, Brighton, UK, 14-16 March 1978, p170-181. Lynch, C.A.; Brameller, A.</ref><ref>"Network Graphics Based Interactive Power System Analysis"; IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, 4-9 Feb 1979; Paper A 79 019-1.3. Lynch, C.A.; Efthymiadis, A.E.</ref><ref>"Use of Interactive Network Graphics Based Power System Analysis in Distribution Network Operation"; IEE Conference on Power System Monitoring and Control, London, UK, 24-26 June 1980. Lynch, C.A.; Smith, A.A.; Efthymiadis, A.E.</ref> The recently reformatted cinefilm 'A Blueprint for Power', shot in 1979 shows how this revolutionary software bridged the gap between user-friendly interfaces and the precision required for intricate network analyses.<ref>"IPSA – A Blueprint for Power"; a short film (18 mins) produced by the Manchester University Audio Visual Service for UMIST and Manweb; first shown May 1979.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ipsa-power.com/a-blueprint-for-power/ | title=A Blueprint for Power | Celebrating 50 Years of IPSA }}</ref>
[[General Electric]]'s MAPS (Multi-Area Production Simulation) is a production simulation model used by various [[Regional transmission organization (North America)|Regional Transmission Organizations]] and [[Independent System Operator]]s in the United States to plan for the economic impact of proposed electric transmission and generation facilities in FERC-regulated electric wholesale markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=GE Multi-Area Production Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/maps|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GE Multi-Area Reliability Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/mars|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GE Power System Load Flow Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/pslf|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NYSRC 2018 IRM Study Report|url=http://www.nysrc.org/pdf/Reports/2018%20IRM%20Study%20Report%20Final%2012-8-17%5B2098%5D.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128125859/http://www.nysrc.org/pdf/Reports/2018%20IRM%20Study%20Report%20Final%2012-8-17%5B2098%5D.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2020|page=2|work=www.nysrc.org|date=December 8, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NYISO Notice to Stakeholders of Request for MAPS data|url=https://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/markets_operations/documents/Legal_and_Regulatory/Notices/MP_Notices/Notice%20to%20Generators%20re%20GE%20MAPS%20database%20input%20files%20for%20CARIS%202%20-%209-9-14.pdf|work=www.nyiso.com|date=August 2000|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>
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