Python brongersmai: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of snake}}

{{Italic title}}

{{Refimprove|date=November 2021}}

{{speciesbox

{{Distinguish|Python curtus|Python breitensteini}}

| name = Brongersma's short-tailed python

{{Speciesbox

| image = Python brongersmai, Brongersma's short-tailed python.jpg

| image_caption =

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Grismer, L. |author-link=species:Larry Lee Grismer |author2=Chan-Ard, T. |yearauthor2-link=2012species:Tanya Chan-ard |volumedate=2012 |title=''Python brongersmai '' |volume=2012 |page=e.T192169A2050353 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T192169A2050353.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192169/2050353 |access-date=1319 MarchNovember 20182021}}</ref>

| genus = Python

| species = brongersmai

| authority = [[Olive Griffith Stull|Stull]], 1938

| synonyms = *''Python curtus brongersmai'' <br>{{small|Stull, 1938}}

*''Python curtus brongersmai'' <br>{{small|— [[species:Merel J. Cox|Cox]] et al., 1998}}

*''Python curtus brongersmai'' <br>{{small|— [[species:Tanya Chan-ard|Chan-ard]] et al., 1999}}

*''Python brongersmai'' <br>{{small|— [[:fr:Olivier Sylvain Gérard Pauwels|Pauwels]] et al., 2000}}

*''Python brongersmai'' <br>{{small|— [[species:J. Scott Keogh|Keogh]], [[David G. Barker|Barker]] & [[Richard Shine|Shine]], 2001}}

*''Aspidoboa brongersmai'' <br>{{small|— [[Raymond Hoser|Hoser]], 2004}}

* ''Python brongersmai'' <br>{{small|— [[species:Wulf D. Schleip|Schleip]] & [[Mark O'Shea (herpetologist)|O’SheaO'Shea]], 2010}}

| synonyms_ref = <ref name="NRDB"RDB/>

}}

'''''Python brongersmai''''' is a [[species]] of non[[venomous snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Pythonidae]]. The species is native to [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Previously considered a subspecies of ''[[Python curtus]]'', it was recognized as a distinct species around 2000.

'''''Python brongersmai''''', commonly known as '''Brongersma's short-tailed python''', '''blood python''' and '''red short-tailed python''', is a non[[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Pythonidae|python]] [[species]] native to the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Sumatra]] and adjacent small islands.<ref name=iucn/>

==Common names==

[[Common name]]s for ''P. brongersmai'' include '''blood python''',<ref name=RDB/> '''Brongersma's short-tailed python''',<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> '''Malaysian blood python''',<ref name=RDB/> '''red blood python''',<ref name=RDB/> '''red short-tailed python''', and '''Sumatran blood python'''.<ref name=RDB/>

==Etymology==

The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''brongersmai'', is in honor of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Leo Brongersma]].<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Python brongersmai'', p. 39).</ref>

==Geographic range==

==Distribution and habitat==

''P. brongersmai'' is found in peninsular (Western) [[Malaysia]], [[Sumatra]] east of the central dividing range of mountains, [[Bangka Island]] and other islands in the [[Strait of Malacca]], including the [[Lingga Islands]], [[Riau Archipelago|Riau islands]], and Pinang., [[Thailand]], and [[ThailandVietnam]].<ref Thename="iucn naturalstatus habitat19 ofNovember ''P.2021" brongersmai''/><ref isname=RDB/> often [[marsh]]es and [[Tropics|tropical]] [[swamp]]s.

==Habitat==

The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''P. brongersmai'' is [[marsh]]es and [[Tropics|tropical]] [[swamp]]s in [[forest]], at altitudes from sea level to {{convert|650|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==Behaviour==

''P.Python brongersmai'' is a primarily [[crepuscular]] species – (usually active around [[dawn]] and [[dusk]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Size==

Hatchlings of ''P. brongersmai'' range from {{convert|10|-|17|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} in total length (including tail). Adult males typically range from {{convert|36|-|60|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} in total length, and females between {{convert|48|-|72|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} although a few have been recorded at {{convert|96|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}}. These snakes generally look overweight due to their robust structure.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Lifespan==

''P. brongersmai'' can live up to about 20 years in captivity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pondturtle.com/lsnakea.html#Python |title=Blood Python |work=Reptiles and Amphibians in Captivity – Longevity |first1=Frank L. |last1=Slavens |first2=Kate |last2=Slavens |year=2003}}</ref>

Most experts agree{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} that ''P. brongersmai'' can live 20 years or more in captivity if proper care is given.

==Coloration==

The color pattern of ''P. brongersmai'' consists of rich, bright red to orange to a duller rusty red ground color, although populations with yellow and brown are known. This is overlaid with yellow and tan blotches and stripes that run the length of the body, as well as tan and black spots that extend up the flanks. The belly is white, often with small black markings. The head is usually a shade of grey; individual snakes can change how light and dark the head is. A white postocular stripe runs down and back from the posterior edge of the eye.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Reproduction==

''P.Python brongersmai'' is [[oviparous]], with up to 30 eggs being laid at a time.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} The female coils around her eggs and shivers her body, producing heat to incubate the eggs properly.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Commercial trade==

Once widely considered to be generally unpredictable and aggressive, ''P. brongersmai'' is gradually becoming more common among herpetoculturists. Formerly, many of the specimens in captivity were wild-caught adults from [[Malaysia]]. These are known to be more aggressive than those from [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]), from which most of the wild-caught, wild-bred, and captive-bred stock are now descended. Captive-raised juveniles generally become mild-tempered, somewhat-predictable adults. This, combined with several new brightly colored captive bloodlines, is helping to boost the popularity of these much-maligned snakes among reptile hobbyists.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

''P.Python brongersmai'' is part of a commercial harvest for leather.<ref name="keogh">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01350.x|author=[[species:J. Scott Keogh|Keogh JS]], [[David G. Barker|Barker D]], [[Richard Shine|Shine R]]|year=2001|title=Heavily exploited but poorly known: systematics and biogeography of commercially harvested pythons (''Python curtus'' group) in Southeast Asia (abstract)|pages=113|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=73|issue=1|urldoi-access=http:free}}<//www3ref> There is evidence to suggest that there are clear indications of misdeclared, underreported and illegal trade involving tens of thousands of blood pythons, and there are questions whether this trade is sustainable.interscience.wiley.com/<ref>{{Cite journal/118995661/abstract |archivelast=Nijman |first=Vincent |date=2022-11-05 |title=Harvest quotas, free markets and the sustainable trade in pythons |url=https://archivezenodo.todayorg/20130105061953records/http:6544927/files/www3NC_article_80988.interscience.wiley.com/pdf |journal/118995661/abstract=Nature Conservation |url-statuslanguage=deaden |archive-datevolume=48 |pages=99–121 |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.48.80988 |issn=20131314-013301|doi-05access=free }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==

This species was first described by [[Olive Griffith Stull]] in 1938 as ''Python curtus brongersmai'', a [[subspecies]] of ''[[Python curtus]]''.<ref>[[Olive Griffith Stull|Stull OG]] (1938). "Three New Subspecies of the Family Boidae". [https://archive.org/stream/occasionalpapers08bost#page/296/mode/2up ''Occ.Occasional Pap.Papers of the Boston Soc.Society Nat.of Hist.Natural History'' '''8''': 297-300.] (''Python curtus brongersmai'', new speciessubspecies, pp. 297-298).</ref> This [[taxon]] has since been elevated and recognised as a full species, ''Python brongersmai'', by [[:fr:Olivier Sylvain Gérard Pauwels|Pauwels]] ''et al''. (2000).<ref name="NRDB"RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Python|species=brongersmai|date=15 September|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="keogh"/>

==See also==

*[[List of pythonid species and subspecies]].

*{{c|Pythonidae by common name}}.

*{{c|Pythonidae by taxonomic synonyms}}.

==References==

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==Further reading==

*[[David G. Barker|Barker, Dave]]; [[Tracy M. Barker|Barker, Tracy]] (November 2007). "Blood Pythons". ''Reptiles Magazine''. Bowtie Publishing.

*[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[species:T'Shaka A. Touré|Touré TA]] (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1.'' Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).

*[[:fr:Olivier Sylvain Gérard Pauwels|Pauwels OSG]], [[species:Ong-Arj Laohawat|Laohawat O-A]], [[species:Patrick David|David P]], [[species:Roger Bour|Bour R]], [[species:Pongchai Dangsee|Dangsee P]], [[species:Chate Puangjit|Puangjit C]], [[species:Chucheep Chimsunchart|Chimsunchart C]] (2000). "Herpetological investigations in Phang-Nga Province, southern Peninsular Thailand, with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology". ''Dumerilia'' '''4''' (2): 123-154. (''Python brongersmai'', p.&nbsp;138).

*[[Richard Shine|Shine R]], [[species:Ambariyanto|Ambariyanto]], [[species:Peter S. Harlow|Harlow PS]], [[species:Mumpuni|Mumpuni]] (1999). "Ecological attributes of two commercially harvested ''Python'' species in Northern Sumatra". ''J.Journal Herpetol.of Herpetology'' '''33''' (2): 249-257. (''Python brongersmai'', new combination).

==External links==

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{{DEFAULTSORT[[Category:Python (genus)|brongersmai}}]]

[[Category:Python]]

[[Category:Reptiles described in 1938]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Olive Griffith Stull]]