Levels of processing model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:36, 25 July 2025

Latest revision as of 00:51, 27 July 2025

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{{Short description|A psychologicalPsychological model of memory}}

The '''levels of processing model''', created by [[Fergus I. M. Craik]] and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory [[recollection|recall]] of [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] as a function of the depth of mental processing, where deeper levels of processing produce more elaborate and stronger [[memory]] than more shallow levels of processing. Shallow processing (e.g., processing based on [[phonemic]] and [[Orthography|orthographic]] components) leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. Conversely, deep processing (e.g., [[semantic processing]]) results in a more durable memory trace.<ref name="CL1972"/> There are three levels of processing in this model. Structural or visual processing involves remembering only the physical quality of the word (e.g. how the word is spelled and how letters look). Phonemic processing includes remembering the word by the way it sounds (e.g. the word tall rhymes with fall). Lastly, in semantic processing, individuals encode the meaning of the word with another word that is similar or has similar meaning. Once the word is perceived, the brain allows for a deeper processing.

This theory contradicts the multi-store [[Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model]] which represents memory strength as being continuously variable, the assumption being that rehearsal always improves [[long-term memory]]. They argued that rehearsal that consists simply of repeating previous analyses (maintenance rehearsal) does not enhance long-term memory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eysenck, M.|year=2006|chapter=Learning and Long-term memory|title=Fundamentals of cognition|edition=Second|___location=Hove, England|publisher=Psychology Press}}</ref>

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===Vision===

[[Visual perception|Visual input]] creates the strongest recall value of all senses, and also allows the widest spectrum of levels-of-processing modifiers. It is also one of the most widely studied. Within visual studies, pictures have been shown to have a greater recall value than words – the [[picture superiority effect]]. However, semantic associations have the reverse effect in picture memories appear to be reversed to those in other memories. When logical details are stressed, rather than physical details, an image's recall value becomes lower.<ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0278-7393 | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 284–98 | last = Intraub | first = H |author2=Nicklos S | title = Levels of processing and picture memory: the physical superiority effect| pmid = 3157769 | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition | year = 1985 | doi = 10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.284 }}</ref> When comparing [[orthography|orthographic]] (capitalization, letter and word shape), phonological (word sound) and semantic (word meaning) [[Encoding (memory)|encoding]] cues, the highest levels of recall were found with the meanings of the words, followed by their sounds and finally the written and shape-based cues were found to generate the least ability to stimulate recall.<ref name="CL1972">{{cite journal | last = Craik | first = FIM |author2=Lockhart RS | year = 1972| title = Levels of processing: A framework for memory research | doi = 10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 671–84 | journal = Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior | s2cid = 14153362 }}</ref>

===Hearing===