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{{Short description|Comprehensive computer networking implementation}}
[[File:OSI Model v1.svg|thumb|Protocol stack of the [[OSI model]]]]
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Imagine three computers: ''A'', ''B'', and ''C''. ''A'' and ''B'' both have radio equipment and can communicate via the airwaves using a suitable network protocol (such as [[IEEE 802.11]]). ''B'' and ''C'' are connected via a cable, using it to exchange data (again, with the help of a protocol, for example [[Point-to-Point Protocol]]). However, neither of these two protocols will be able to transport information from ''A'' to ''C'', because these computers are conceptually on different networks. An [[Internetworking|inter-network]] protocol is required to connect them.
One could combine the two protocols to form a powerful third, mastering both cable and wireless transmission, but a different super-protocol would be needed for each possible combination of protocols. It is easier to leave the base protocols alone
A request on computer ''A'' to send a chunk of data to ''C'' is taken by the upper protocol, which (through whatever means) knows that ''C'' is reachable through ''B''. It, therefore, instructs the wireless protocol to transmit the data packet to ''B''. On this computer, the lower layer handlers will pass the packet up to the inter-network protocol, which, on recognizing that ''B'' is not the final destination, will again invoke lower-level functions. This time, the cable protocol is used to send the data to ''C''. There, the received packet is again passed to the upper protocol, which (with ''C'' being the destination) will pass it on to a higher protocol or application on ''C''.
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