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| extinct = 27 December 1974, with the death of [[Ned Maddrell]]
| ref = <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Broderick|first=George|date=2017|title=The Last Native Manx Gaelic Speakers. The Final Phase: 'Full' or 'Terminal' in speech?|url=https://journal.fi/scf/article/view/60553/38319|journal=Studia Celtica Fennic|volume=XIV|pages=18–57}}</ref>
| revived = {{Unbulleted list|'''[[First language]]:'''|
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
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| lingua = 50-AAA-aj
| map = Idioma manés.png
| map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Manx is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' (2010)}}}}
| notice = IPA
| revived-cat = nocat<!--Suppressed because the category is already on [[Manx language revival]].-->
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The [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] of the language is {{wikt-lang|gv|Gaelg}}/{{wikt-lang|gv|Gailck}}, which shares the same etymology as the word "Gaelic", as do the endonyms of its [[sister language]]s: [[Irish language|Irish]] ({{lang|ga|Gaeilge}}; {{lang|ga|Gaoluinn}}, {{lang|ga|Gaedhlag}} and {{lang|ga|Gaeilic}}) and [[Scottish Gaelic]] ({{lang|gd|Gàidhlig}}). Manx frequently uses the forms {{lang|ga|y Ghaelg}}/{{lang|gv|y Ghailck}} (with [[definite article]]), as do Irish ({{lang|ga|an Ghaeilge}}) and Scottish Gaelic ({{lang|gd|a' Ghàidhlig}}).
To distinguish it from the two other forms of Gaelic, the phrases {{lang|gv|Gaelg/Gailck Vannin}} "Gaelic of [[Isle of Man|Mann]]" and {{lang|gv|Gaelg/Gailck Vanninnagh}} "Manx Gaelic" are also used. In addition, the nickname {{lang|gv|Çhengey ny Mayrey}}
===In English===
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Manx is a [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic language]], closely related to [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]]. On the whole it is partially [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with these, and native speakers of one find it easy to gain passive, and even spoken, competency in the other two.
It has been suggested that a little-documented [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic language]] (i.e. related to modern [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and [[Breton language|Breton]]) may have been spoken on the Isle of Man before the arrival of Christian missionaries from Ireland in the early Middle Ages.<ref>{{
The basis of the modern Manx language is [[Primitive Irish]] (like modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic). The island either lends its name to or takes its name from ''[[Manannán mac Lir|Manannán]]'', the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god who is said in myth to have once ruled the island. [[Primitive Irish]] is first attested in [[Ogham]] inscriptions from the 4th century AD. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of [[Great Britain]]. Primitive Irish transitioned into [[Old Irish]] through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the [[Latin script]] and is attested primarily in [[marginalia]] to Latin manuscripts, but there are no extant examples from the Isle of Man.
Latin was used for ecclesiastical records from the establishment of Christianity in the Isle of Man in the 5th century AD. Many
The Isle of Man was conquered by [[Vikings|Norse Vikings]] in the 9th century. Although there is some evidence in the form of [[runic inscriptions]] that [[Old Norse|Norse]] was used by some of these settlers, the Vikings who settled around the [[Irish Sea]] and West Coast of Scotland soon became Gaelic speaking [[Norse–Gaels]]. During the 9th century AD, the Gaelic of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, like those of Scotland and the North of Ireland, may have been significantly influenced by Norse speakers. While Norse had very little impact on the Manx language overall,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Language death in the Isle of Man : an investigation into the decline and extinction of Manx Gaelic as a community language in the Isle of Man |last=Broderick |first=George |date=1999 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=9783110911411 |oclc=300505991}}</ref> a small number of modern place names on the Isle of Man are Norse in origin, e.g. [[Laxey]] (Laksaa) and [[Ramsey, Isle of Man|Ramsey]] (Rhumsaa). Other Norse legacies in Manx include [[loanword]]s and [[personal name]]s.
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=== Revival ===
Following the decline in the use of Manx during the 19th century, {{lang|gv|[[Manx Gaelic Society|Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh]]}} (The Manx Language Society) was founded in 1899. By the middle of the 20th century, only a few elderly [[native speaker]]s remained (the last of them, [[Ned Maddrell]], died on 27 December 1974), but by then a scholarly revival had begun and a few people had started teaching it in schools. The Manx Language Unit was formed in 1992, consisting of three members and headed by Manx Language Officer [[Brian Stowell]], a language activist and fluent speaker, "which was put in charge of all aspects of Manx language teaching and accreditation in schools."<ref name=":1">Ager, Simon. "A Study of Language Death and Revival with a Particular Focus on Manx Gaelic." Master's Dissertation University of Wales, Lampeter, 2009. PDF.</ref> This led to an increased interest in studying the Manx language and encouraged a renewed sense of ethnic identity. The revival of Manx was aided by the recording work done in the 20th century by researchers. Most notably, the [[Irish Folklore Commission]] was sent in with recording equipment in 1948 by [[Éamon de Valera]]. Also important in preserving the Manx language was work conducted by the late Brian Stowell, who is considered personally responsible for the current revival of the Manx language.<ref name=graun /> The Manx Language Strategy was released in 2017, outlining a five-year plan for the language's continued revitalisation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.im/news/2017/dec/01/five-year-strategy-salutes-and-celebrates-manx-language/ |title=Isle of Man Government - Five year strategy salutes and celebrates Manx language |website=www.gov.im |language=en-GB |access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/view/magazine/2018-01-04/lifelines-for-indigenous-languages/10437 |title=Lifelines for indigenous languages {{!}} The World Weekly |website=www.theworldweekly.com |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107232933/https://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/view/magazine/2018-01-04/lifelines-for-indigenous-languages/10437/ |url-status=
In 2009, [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' declared Manx an [[extinct language]], despite the presence of hundreds of speakers on the Isle of Man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm |title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=20 February 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> Historian and linguist [[Jennifer Kewley Draskau]] reacted to this declaration, saying that saying that "Unesco ought to know better than to declare Manx a dead language. There are hundreds of speakers of Manx and while people are able to have productive conversations in the language then it is very much alive and well."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-20 |title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Since then, UNESCO's classification of the language has changed to "critically endangered".<ref name=graun>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man |title=How the Manx language came back from the dead |last1=Whitehead |first1=Sarah |date=2 April 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
In the 2011 census, 1,823 out of 80,398 Isle of Man residents, or 2.27% of the population, claimed to have knowledge of Manx,<ref name=Gov.im>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf |title=Isle of Man Census Report 2011 |publisher=Isle of Man Government Treasury |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108113021/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> an increase of 134 people from the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manx Gaelic Revival 'Impressive'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/4271840.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 September 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603070631/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/4271840.stm |archive-date= Jun 3, 2023 }}</ref> These individuals were spread roughly uniformly over the island: in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] 566 people professed an ability to speak, read or write Manx; 179 in [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]], 146 in [[Onchan]], and 149 in Ramsey.<ref name="Gov.im"/>
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| caption= {{legend|1f77b4|Isle of Man population}}
{{legend|ff7f0e|Manx speakers}}
| content = {{
'''[[:c:Data:Estimated Manx speakers (since 1871).tab|Raw data]]'''
}}
{| class="wikitable"
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Manx is not [[Official language|officially recognised]] by any national or regional government, although its contribution to [[Culture of the Isle of Man|Manx culture]] and tradition is acknowledged by some governmental and non-governmental bodies.
The Standing Orders of the [[House of Keys]] provide that: "The proceedings of the House shall be in English; but if a Member at any point pronounces a customary term or sentence in Manx Gaelic or any other language, the Speaker may call upon the Member for a translation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/business/sto/Documents/20180604_PP2018-0067_KSO.pdf |title=Standing Orders of the House of Keys |access-date=15 June 2018 |pages=17}}</ref> An example was at the sitting on 12 February 2019, when an MHK used the expression {{lang|gv|boghtnid}},<ref>
Manx is used in the annual [[Tynwald]] ceremony and Manx words are used in official Tynwald publications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tynwald - the Parliament of the Isle of Man |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>
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=== Consonants ===
The [[consonant]] phoneme inventory of Manx:<ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|p}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|t̪}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|d̪}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|tʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|dʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
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| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|x}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
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| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|nʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
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| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
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| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|lʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" |
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* {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}}: {{lang|gv|aashagh}} {{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}} "easy"
* {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}} > {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|gv|toshiaght}} {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɔʒax, -jax]}} "beginning"
* {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|beaghey}} {{IPA|[
* {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}} > ∅: {{lang|gv|shaghey}} {{IPA|[ʃaː]}} "past"
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| one
| {{lang|gv|un}} {{IPA|gv|æːn, oːn, uːn|}}<br />{{lang|gv|nane}} {{IPA|gv|neːn|}}
| {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|ga|eːnˠ, iːnˠ|}}, (Northwest Ulster) {{IPA|ga|ɯːnˠ|}}
| {{lang|gd|aon}} {{IPA|gd|ɯːn|}}
|-
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Manx [[orthography]] is based on [[Elizabethan English]], and to a lesser extent [[Middle Welsh]], developed by people who had an education in English (and Welsh until the 16th century).<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Kelly|1870|p=xiii}} footnote in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NZENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13 Spoken Sound as a Rule for Orthography]'', credited to W. Mackenzie.</ref> The result is an inconsistent and only partially phonemic spelling system, similar to [[English orthography]] and completely incomprehensible to readers of [[Irish orthography|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic orthography|Scottish Gaelic]]. This is because both Irish and Scottish Gaelic use spelling systems derived from [[Classical Irish|Classical Gaelic]], the common [[literary language]] of Man, Ireland, and Scotland until the Bardic schools closed down in the 17th century, which makes them very [[Etymology|etymological]]. Both Irish and Scottish Gaelic use only 18 letters to represent around 50 phonemes. While Manx uses 24 letters (the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]], excluding {{angbr|x}} and {{angbr|z}}), covering a similar range of phonemes, all three make use of many [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and [[Trigraph (orthography)|trigraphs]]. In 1932, [[Celticist]] [[T. F. O'Rahilly]] expressed the opinion that Manx orthography is inadequate, as it is neither traditional nor phonetic. Therefore, if a form of Classical Gaelic orthography adapted to Manx had survived or if one based on the reforms of [[Theobald Stapleton]] were to be developed and introduced, the very close relationship between Manx, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic would be obvious to readers at first sight and Manx would be much easier for other Gaels to read and understand.{{sfn|O'Rahilly|1932|p=128}}
=== Spelling to sound correspondences ===
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[[File:St Mary’s Cathedral, Douglas Isle Man.jpeg|left|thumb|[[St. Mary of the Isle Church|St. Mary of the Isle Cathedral]], [[Douglas, Isle of Man]].]]
In a move towards the [[Catholic Church in the Isle of Man]] having a Bishop of its own, in September 2023 [[St. Mary of the Isle Church]] in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] was granted Co-[[Cathedral]] status by [[Pope Francis]]. During the [[Mass of Paul VI|Mass]] of dedication by [[Malcolm McMahon]], the [[Archbishop of Liverpool]], the [[Lord's Prayer]] was recited in Manx and the [[Manx National Anthem]] was also performed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curphey |first=Tom |date=2023-09-22 |title=Pope Francis grants 'rare honour' to Douglas church after 'year long process' |url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/pope-francis-grants-rare-honour-to-douglas-church-after-year-long-process-640101
==See also==
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* <!--Kewley-Draskau 2008-->{{cite book |last=Kewley-Draskau |first=Jennifer |author-link=Jennifer Kewley Draskau |title=Practical Manx |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84631-131-4}}
* <!--Kneen 1911-->{{cite book |last=Kneen |first=John J. |title=A Grammar of the Manx Language |author-link=John J. Kneen |publisher=Ams Pr Inc |___location=Edinburgh |year=1911 |isbn=978-0-404-17564-1}}
* <!--Lewin 2020-->{{cite thesis |last= Lewin|first= Christopher|date= 2020|title= Aspects of the historical phonology of Manx|doi=10.7488/era/557 |degree=PhD |___location=Edinburgh |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=}}
* <!--Lewin (forthcoming)-->{{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Christopher|date= |title=Sheean as Screeu|___location=St John's|publisher=Culture Vannin}}
* <!--Macbain 1911-->{{cite book |last=Macbain |first=Alexander |title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language |edition=2nd |year=1911 |___location=Stirling |publisher=E. Mackay. Reprinted 1998, New York: Hippocrene |isbn=0-7818-0632-1}}
* <!--Mhac an Fhailigh 1968-->{{cite book |last=Mhac an Fhailigh |first=Éamonn |year=1968 |title=The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=0-901282-02-2}}
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[[Category:Manx language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of
[[Category:Goidelic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Europe]]
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