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Line 1: {{Short description\|Component of the Oracle Database}} ~~{{Infobox Software~~ {{Infobox software \| name = Oracle Spatial and Graph \| logo = Line 7 ⟶ 8: \| developer = [[Oracle Corporation]] \| released = \| latest release version = ~~12c~~19c Release 1 \| latest release date =January 2019 \| latest preview version = \| latest preview date = \| operating system = [[Cross-platform]] \| platform = \| language = English ~~\| status =~~ \| genre = [[GIS]] and [[Graph Database]] \| license = [[Proprietary software\|Proprietary]] \| website = {{official website\|http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database-options/spatialandgraph/overview/index.html}} }} '''Oracle Spatial and Graph''', formerly Oracle Spatial, ~~forms~~is a ~~separately-licensed~~free option component of the [[Oracle Database]]. The spatial features in Oracle Spatial and Graph aid users in managing geographic and ___location-data in a native type within an Oracle database, potentially supporting a wide range of applications — from ~~automated~~ [[~~map~~automated mapping]]~~ping/~~, [[facilities- management]], and [[geographic information systems]] ([[AM/FM/GIS]]), to wireless ___location services and ___location-enabled [[e-business]]. The graph features in Oracle Spatial and Graph include Oracle Network Data Model (NDM) graphs used in traditional network applications in major [[~~transportation~~Transport network\|transportation]], telcos, utilities and energy organizations and [[resource description framework\|RDF]] semantic graphs used in [[social network]]s and social interactions and in linking disparate data sets to address requirements from the research, health sciences, finance, media and intelligence communities. ==Components== The geospatial feature of Oracle Spatial and Graph provides a [[SQL]] [[logical schema\|schema]] and functions that facilitate the storage, retrieval, update, and query of collections of [[Space\|spatial]] features in an Oracle database. (The spatial component of a spatial feature consists of the [[geometric]] representation of its shape in some [[coordinate space]] — referred to as its "geometry".) ~~The geospatial data features consist of:~~ ===Geospatial data features=== * A schema that prescribes the storage, syntax, and semantics of supported [[geometry\|geometric]] [[data type]]s. * A spatial indexing system. The Oracle Spatial geospatial data features consist of: * Operators, functions, and procedures for performing [[area-of-interest]] queries, spatial join queries,<ref>,http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28400/sdo_index_query.htm#SPATL606</ref> and other [[spatial analysis]] operations. * Functions and procedures for utility and [[database tuning\|tuning]] operations. * a schema - MDSYS (as in "multi-dimensional system"<ref> * Vector Performance Acceleration for substantially faster querying and more efficient use of CPU, memory, and partitioning {{cite book * Parametric Curves (NURBs) support for mathematically precise representation of free form curves that can be reproduced exactly for 2D and 3D data. \| last1 = Greener * A [[topology]] [[data model]] for working with data about [[Vertex (graph theory)\|node]]s, [[Edge (graph theory)\|edge]]s, and [[face (geometry)\|face]]s in a [[topology]]. \| first1 = Simon Gerard * A GeoRaster feature to store, index, query, analyze, and deliver GeoRaster data ([[raster image]] and gridded data and its associated [[metadata]]) with virtual mosaics, raster algebra operations, image processing, Java API, and GDAL-Based ETL Wizard. \| last2 = Ravada 3-Dimensional data types and operators including [[triangulated irregular network\|Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs)]], [[Point cloud\|Point Clouds]] and [[LiDAR]] data sets with Spatial R-tree indexing, SQL operators and analysis functions, and metadata for visualization. \| first2 = Siva [[Geocoding]] that converts locations and addresses data into formal geographic coordinates from point addresses and address ranges, and supports reverse geocoding. \| chapter = 1. Defining a Data Model for Spatial Data Storage * A [[routing]] engine that creates fastest or shortest routes with driving distances, times, directions and turn-specific geometries based on commercial and publicly available street network data, and restrictions and conditions for advanced routing, such as truck-specific routing. \| title = Applying and Extending Oracle Spatial * [[Open Geospatial Consortium]] compliant [[Web Service]]s for geocoding, routing, mapping, business directory, catalog, and geospatial feature transactions. \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iZf9AAAAQBAJ \| ___location = Birmingham \| publisher = Packt Publishing Ltd \| publication-date = 2013 \| isbn = 9781849686372 \| access-date = 2017-05-19 \| quote = Oracle Spatial mainly consists of the following: [...] A schema (MDSYS derived from Multi-Dimensional System) that defines the storage, syntax, and semantics of the supported geometric (both vector and raster) data types [...] }} </ref>) - that prescribes the storage, syntax, and semantics of supported [[geometry\|geometric]] [[data type]]s<ref> {{cite web \| url = https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/content.htm#BAJJIFJJ \| title = Oracle Database Concepts, 10g Release 2 (10.2) \| last1 = Cyran \| first1 = Michele \| year =2005 \| website = docs.oracle.com \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| access-date = 2016-07-05 \| quote = Spatial consists of the following: [...] A schema (MDSYS) that prescribes the storage, syntax, and semantics of supported geometric datatypes [...] }} </ref> * a spatial indexing system * operators, functions, and procedures for performing [[area-of-interest]] queries, spatial join queries, and other [[spatial analysis]] operations * functions and procedures for utility and [[database tuning\|tuning]] operations * vector performance acceleration for substantially faster querying and more efficient use of CPU, memory, and partitioning{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}} * support for parametric curves ([[Non-uniform rational B-spline\|NURBS]]) for mathematically precise representation of free-form curves that can be reproduced exactly for 2D and 3D data * a [[topology]] [[data model]] for working with data about [[Vertex (graph theory)\|node]]s, [[Edge (graph theory)\|edge]]s, and [[face (geometry)\|face]]s in a [[topology]] * a GeoRaster feature to store, index, query, analyze, and deliver GeoRaster data ([[raster image]] and gridded data and its associated [[metadata]]) with virtual mosaics, raster-algebra operations, image processing, Java API, and GDAL-Based ETL Wizard * 3-dimensional data-types and operators including [[triangulated irregular network\|Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs)]], [[Point cloud\|Point Clouds]] and [[LiDAR]] data sets with Spatial R-tree indexing, SQL operators and analysis functions, and metadata for visualization * [[geocoding]] that converts ___location and address data into formal geographic coordinates from point addresses and address ranges, and supports reverse geocoding * a [[routing]] engine that creates fastest or shortest routes with driving distances, times, directions and turn-specific geometries based on commercial and publicly available street network data, and restrictions and conditions for advanced routing, such as truck-specific routing * [[Open Geospatial Consortium]]-compliant [[Web Service]]s for geocoding, routing, mapping, business-directory, catalog, and geospatial feature transactions Spatial Visualization components to render data on maps. ===Network Data Model=== The [[Network (mathematics)\|Network]] Data Model feature is a property graph model used to model and analyze physical and logical networks used in industries such as transportation, logistics, and utilities. Its features include: Line 46 ⟶ 80: A Java API for in-memory network path analytics, including shortest path, nearest neighbors, within cost, and reachability, with partitioned loading of large networks into memory. ===RDF semantic=== The RDF [[Semantic Web\|Semantic]] Graph feature supports the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) [[Resource Description Framework\|RDF]] standards. It provides RDF data management, querying and inferencing that are commonly used in a variety of applications ranging from semantic data integration to social network analysis and linked open data applications. Its features include: * An RDF [[triple store]] and [[ontology]] management with automatic partitoning and data compression. The RDF [[Semantic Web\|Semantic]] Graph feature supports the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) [[Resource Description Framework\|RDF]] standards. It provides RDF data management, querying and inferencing that are commonly used in a variety of applications ranging from semantic [[data integration]] to [[social network analysis]] and [[linked open data]] applications. Its features include: * Proven scalability to over 54 billion triples (LUBM 200K benchmark) with scaleability to the 8 petabyte limit of Oracle Database. * An RDF [[triple store]] and [[ontology (information science)\|ontology]] management with automatic partitioning and data compression. * Proven scalability to over 54 billion [[Semantic triple\|triples]] (LUBM 200K benchmark) with scalability to the 8 petabyte limit of Oracle Database. * High performance bulk loading with Oracle Database parallel and direct path loading and loading through Jena. * SPARQL and SQL parallel querying and updating of RDF graphs with [[SPARQL]] 1.1, SPARQL endpoint web services, SPARQL/Update, Java APIs with open source Apache Jena & Sesame, SQL queries with embedded SPARQL graph patterns, SQL insert/update. * Ontology-assisted querying of table data using SQL operators to expand SQL relational queries with related terms for more comprehensive results. * Native inferencing with parallel, incremental and secure operation for ~~scaleable~~scalable reasoning with RDFS, [[Web Ontology Language]] (OWL 2 RL/EL), [[Simple Knowledge Organization System]] (SKOS), user-defined rules, user-defined inference extensions, and an extensibility framework to plug-in special purpose reasoners, such as PelletDB, TrOWL. * GeoSPARQL support for storing / querying spatial data in RDF per Open GeoSpatial ~~Consotium~~Consortium (OGC) specification. * RDF views on relational data to apply semantic analysis with support for automatic (Direct Mapping) and custom (W3C R2RML language) mapping of relational data to [[RDF ~~triples~~triple]]s. * Triple-level security that meets the most stringent security requirements with Oracle Label Security. * Integration with open source Apache Jena and Sesame application development environments. * Integration with XML-based tools, such as Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition (OBIEE) for reporting and dashboards. * Integration with Network Data Model graph analytics for shortest path, nearest neighbors, within cost, and reachability. * Integration with Oracle Advanced Analytics features: Oracle Data Mining for exploiting [[predictive analytics]] and pattern discovery and Oracle R Enterprise for statistical computing and charting visualization of graph data. * Semantic indexing for [[text mining]] and ~~entitiy~~entity analytics integrated with popular natural language processors. * Integration with leading commercial and open source tools for querying, visualization, and ontology management. ==Availability== Oracle Spatial and Graph is an option for Oracle Enterprise Edition, and must be licensed separately. Free since December 5, 2019. It is also included in Oracle Database Cloud Service (High Performance Edition and Extreme Performance Edition). It is not included in ~~the~~Oracle Standard Edition ~~and~~or Oracle Standard Edition One. However, the latter two editions allow the use of a subset of spatial features (called ''Oracle Locator'') at no extra cost. The functions allowed in Locator are specified in an appendix of the Oracle Spatial manual.<ref name="oracle locator">[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e11830/sdo_locator.htm#CFACCEEG Oracle Spatial Developer's Guide 11g Release 2], Spatial-Related Features Supported for Locator</ref> {{cite book \|last1= Westra ~~A companion visualization component and web map server, Oracle Fusion Middleware MapViewer, is available as a feature of Oracle [[WebLogic]] Server.~~ \|first1= Erik \|orig-year= 2010 \|title= Python Geospatial Development \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bk4HMqpzCQgC \|edition= 2 \|publisher= Packt Publishing Ltd \|publication-date= 2013 \|isbn= 9781782161530 \|access-date= 2015-02-16 \|quote= A subset of the Oracle Spatial functionality, called Oracle Locator, is available for the Standard edition of the Oracle database. Oracle Locator does not support common operations such as unions and buffers, intersections, area and length calculations. It also excludes support for more advanced features such as linear referencing systems, spatial analysis functions, geocoding, and raster format data. }} </ref>) at no extra cost. An appendix of the ''Oracle Spatial and Graph Developer's Guide'' specifies the functions allowed in Locator. ==History== Line 73 ⟶ 121: The Oracle RDBMS first incorporated spatial-data capability with a modification to Oracle 4 made by scientists working with the [[Canadian Hydrographic Service]] (CHS). A joint development team of CHS and Oracle personnel subsequently redesigned the Oracle kernel, resulting in the "Spatial Data Option" or "SDO" for Oracle 7. (The SDO_ prefix continues in use within Oracle Spatial implementations.) The spatial indexing system for SDO involved an adaptation of [[Riemann]]ian [[hypercube]] data-structures, invoking a [[helix\|helical]] spiral through 3-dimensional space, which allows n-size of features. This also permitted a highly efficient compression of the resulting data, suitable for the [[petabyte]]-size data repositories that CHS and other major corporate users required, and also improving search and retrieval times. The "helical hyperspatial code", or [[HHCode]], as developed by CHS and implemented by Oracle Spatial, comprises a form of [[space-filling curve]]. With Oracle 8, [[Oracle Corporation]] marketing dubbed the spatial extension simply "Oracle Spatial". The primary spatial indexing system no longer uses the [[HHCode]], but a standard [[r-tree]] index. Since July, 2012, the option has been named Oracle Spatial and Graph to highlight the graph database capabilities in the product - Network Data Model graph introduced with Oracle Database 10g Release 1 and RDF Semantic Graph introduced with Oracle Database 10g Release 2. ==~~Additional~~Further reading== * ~~Euro Beinat,~~ Albert Godfrind, &Richard ~~Ravikanth~~Pitts, V.Hans Viehmann, Ravikanth Kothuri. ''Pro Oracle Spatial for Oracle Database 12c''. Apress (~~2004~~2015) {{ISBN \|978-1-~~59059~~4302-~~383~~6313-95}} * Simon Greener, Siva Ravada. ''Applying and Extending Oracle Spatial''. Packt Publishing (2013) {{ISBN\|184968636X}} * Euro Beinat, Albert Godfrind & Ravikanth V. Kothuri. ''Pro Oracle Spatial for Oracle Database 11g''. Apress (2007) ISBN 1-59059-899-7 * ~~Simon~~Euro ~~Greener~~Beinat, ~~Siva~~Albert ~~Ravada~~Godfrind & Ravikanth V. Kothuri. ''~~Applying~~Pro ~~and~~Oracle ~~Extending~~Spatial for Oracle ~~Spatial~~Database 11g''. ~~Packt Publishing~~Apress (~~2013~~2007) {{ISBN ~~: 184968636X~~\|1-59059-899-7}} * Euro Beinat, Albert Godfrind & Ravikanth V. Kothuri. ''Pro Oracle Spatial''. Apress (2004) {{ISBN\|1-59059-383-9}} ==See also== * [[GDAL\|OGR]] – The OGR Simple Feature Library is an open source interface to Oracle Spatial data * [[Oracle Multimedia]] == References == Oracle Documentation Library https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oraclecertificationenvironment-docs-library.html See: ~~<references/>~~ * Spatial and Graph Developer's Guide * Spatial and Graph GeoRaster Developer's Guide * Spatial and Graph Topology Data Model and Network Data Model Graph Developer's Guide * Spatial and Graph Java API Reference (Javadoc) * Spatial and Graph RDF Semantic Graph Developer's Guide == Notes == {{reflist}} ==External links== Line 94 ⟶ 152: [[Category:Oracle software]] [[Category:GIS software]] [[Category:Graph ~~Database~~databases]] [[Category:Spatial database management systems]]