Indecs Content Model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:20, 29 July 2009

Latest revision as of 22:54, 29 July 2025

(46 intermediate revisions by 34 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Redirectredirect|Indecs|the journal title abbreviated to INDECS|Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems{{!}}''Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems''}}{{Multiple issues|{{essay-like|date=December 2023}}

{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}}}

{{lowercase}}

{{lowercase title}}

'''indecs'''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://cordis.europa.eu/econtent/mmrcs/indecs.htm |title = CORDIS &#124; European Commission}}</ref> (an acronym of "[[interoperability]] of data in [[e-commerce]] systems"; written in lower case) was a project partly funded by the [[European Community]] ''Info 2000'' initiative and by several organisations representing the music, rights, text publishing, authors, library and other sectors in 1998–2000, which has since been used in a number of [[metadata]] activities. A final report and related documents were published; the indecs Metadata Framework document<ref>https://www.doi.org/resources/indecs_framework_2000.pdf "Principles, model and data dictionary"</ref> is a concise summary.

== indecs project ==

indecs provided an analysis of the requirements for metadata for e-commerce of [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] ([[intellectual property]]) in the network environment, focusing on [[semantic interoperability]].

[http://cordis.europa.eu/econtent/mmrcs/indecs.htm indecs] (an acronym of "interoperability of data in e-commerce systems"; written in lower case) was a project part funded by the [[European Community]] ''Info 2000'' initiative and by several organisations representing the music, rights, text publishing, authors, library and other sectors in 1998-2000, which has since been used in a number of [[metadata]] activities. A final report and related documents were published; the indecs Metadata Framework document [http://www.doi.org/topics/indecs/indecs_framework_2000.pdf "Principles, model and data dictionary"] is a concise summary.

indecs was built from a simple generic model of commerce (the "model of making"): a model of the [[Product life cycle management|life cycle]] of any kind of content from conception to the final physical or [[digital copies]]. Central to the analysis is the assumption that it is possible to produce a generic mechanism to handle complex metadata for all different types of content. So, for example, instead of treating sound carriers, books, videos and photographs as fundamentally different things with different (if similar) characteristics, they are all recognised as creations with different values of the same higher-level attributes, whose metadata can be supported in a common environment.

indecs provided an analysis of the requirements for metadata for e-commerce of [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] (intellectual property) in the network environment, focussing on semantic [[interoperability]]. Semantic interoperability deals with the question of how one computer system knows what the terms from another computer system mean (e.g. if A says "owner" and B says "owner", are they referring to the same thing? If A says "released" and B says "disseminated", do they mean different things?).

==Framework==

indecs was built from a simple generic model of commerce (the "model of making"): a model of the [[Product life cycle management|life cycle]] of any kind of content from conception to the final physical or digital copies. The top-level model is summarised as "people make stuff; people use stuff; and (for commerce to take place) people make deals about the stuff". If secure machine-to-machine management of [[commerce]] is to be possible, the stuff, the people and the deals must all be securely identified and described in standardised ways that machines can interpret and use. Central to the analysis is the assumption that it is possible to produce a generic mechanism to handle complex metadata for all different types of content. So, for example, instead of treating sound carriers, books, videos and photographs as fundamentally different things with different (if similar) characteristics, they are all recognised as creations with different values of the same higher-level attributes, whose metadata can be supported in a common environment.

The indecs framework underlines the importance of unique identification of all entities. It also raises the question of authority: the identification of the person making the claim is as significant as the identification of any other entity.

== The indecs Framework ==

== Usage ==

The indecs analysis supports interoperability of at least five different types:

The indecs framework does not presuppose any specific business model or legal framework; it can be used to describe transactions involving copyrighted, open source, or freely available material. The framework has been further developed as a generic [[Ontology (information science)|ontology]]-based approach. Its main use to date has been in applications of commercial transactions of content and in some library-related applications. Developments include the OntologyX semantic engineering tools and services from Rightscom.com. The approach also has much in common with the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), an ontology for cultural heritage information, and the [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR) model.

* Across media (such as books, serials, audio, audiovisual, software, abstract works, visual material).

* Across functions (such as cataloguing, discovery, workflow and rights management).

* Across levels of metadata (from simple to complex).

* Across semantic barriers.

* Across linguistic barriers.

One of the deliverables of the indecs project was a specification for a directory of parties. This led to a subsequent project, Interparty,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interparty.org/ |title=Home |website=interparty.org}}</ref> funded under the [[European Commission]]'s Information Society Technologies Programme, to design and specify a network to support interoperability of party identification (for both natural and corporate names) across different domains, building on the indecs principles. InterParty was not proposed as a replacement for existing schemes, but as a means of effecting their interoperation. Some of its conclusions have been used elsewhere, e.g., in the work on the proposed [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO ISNI]] ([[International Standard Name Identifier]]).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://isni.org/ |title = ISNI}}</ref>

The indecs project developed a framework, described in detail in the final project documents, within which such interoperability could be achieved. indecs proposed four principles as key to the management of identification:

== Intellectual property rights ==

* ''The principle of Unique Identification:'' every entity should be uniquely identified within an identified namespace.

* ''The principle of Functional Granularity:'' it should be possible to identify an entity whenever it needs to be distinguished

* ''The principle of Designated Authority:'' the author of an item of metadata should be securely identified.

* ''The principle of Appropriate Access:'' everyone requires access to the metadata on which they depend, and privacy and confidentiality for their own metadata from those who are not dependent on it.

indecs does not attempt to replace intellectual property rights law, though a specific set of legal elements might be included in an indecs-based structure, and the indecs framework specifically includes some definitions of intellectual property rights from major international treaties such as the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] and the [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]].

indecs also produced a useful ''definition of metadata'':

* An item of metadata is a relationship that someone claims to exist between two referents (entities).

The indecs framework stresses the significance of relationships, which lie at the heart of the indecs analysis. It underlines the importance of unique identification of all entities (since otherwise expressing relationships between them is of little practical utility). Finally, it raises the question of authority: the identification of the person making the claim is as significant as the identification of any other entity.

(Note: describing metadata as linking two referents may seem unusual: the point is that an unambiguous piece of metadata has to relate to precise enough things - referents - at each end of the link (e.g. my CAR is GREEN) to make a useful statement. "Precise enough" is contextual. "Green" might be a perfectly precise enough referent if the namespace it's coming from (where we are referring to, and the application we are interested in) is dealing with "what colour is your car: green, red, blue, black, or white...?"; but not if it's intended to describe precisely a green colour to a garage to respray your car following an accident, when you would need to say e.g. "Ford Colour ref 3456/2009 Metallic Green".)

The underlying assumptions or axioms of the indecs approach are (1) Metadata is critical; (2) Stuff is complex; (3): Metadata is modular; and (4) Transactions need automation.

== Use of indecs ==

The indecs Framework does not presuppose any specific business model or legal framework; it can be used to describe transactions of copyrighted, open source, or freely available material.

The framework has been developed further as a generic [[Ontology (information science)|ontology]]-based approach dealing with defined types of entity and attribute, and the relators that link them within a contextual model structure (where context is defined as an intersection of ''time'' and ''place'', in which ''entities'' may play roles). Its main use to date has been in applications of commercial transactions of content and in some library-related applications. Examples of applications using this approach include:

* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2007-dunsire RDA/ONIX Framework for Resource Categorization]

* [http://iso21000-6.net ISO/IEC 21000-6 (MPEG) Rights Data Dictionary (RDD)]

* [http://www.ddex.net DDEX (Digital Data Exchange)] Music industry messaging and data dictionary applications

* [http://www.bisg.org/onix/index.html ONIX (Online Information Exchange)] standards for the use of publishers in distributing digital metadata about their products (See also [http://www.editeur.org/onix.html EDItEUR: ONIX for Books])

* [http://www.doi.org/ Digital Object Identifier System] metadata schemes

One of the deliverables of the indecs project was a specification for a Directory of Parties. This led to a subsequent project, [http://www.interparty.org Interparty], funded under the European Commission's Information Society Technologies Programme, to design and specify a network to support interoperability of party identification (for both natural and corporate names) across different domains, building on the indecs principles. InterParty was not proposed as a replacement for existing schemes for the identification of participants in the intellectual property ___domain (e.g. national library name authority files or systems oriented towards the needs of rights licensing) but as a means of effecting their interoperation. Some of its conclusions have been used elsewhere, e.g. in the work on the proposed ISO [http://www.isni.org/ ISNI] (International Standard Name Identifier).

Other developments are continuing, notably through the OntologyX semantic engineering tools and services from [http://www.rightscom.com Rightscom]. The approach also has much in common with the [http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/index.html CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)], an ontology for cultural heritage information, and the [[FRBR|Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)]] model in the library world.

In June 2009 a new initiative, the [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/projects/vocab-framework.aspx Vocabulary Mapping Framework (VMF)], was announced by a consortium of partners. This will create an extensive and authoritative mapping of vocabularies from nine major content metadata standards, creating a downloadable tool to support interoperability across communities. The mapping will also be extensible to other standards. The work builds on the principles of interoperability established in the indecs Content Model, and is an expansion of the existing [http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2007-dunsire RDA/ONIX Framework for Resource Categorization] into a comprehensive vocabulary of resource relators and categories, which will be a superset of those used in major standards from the publisher/producer, education and bibliographic/heritage communities. The International DOI Foundation, which fully endorses this work, will provide a web hosting facility for the Framework as part of its commitment to promoting the wider use of interoperable metadata, and will use the vocabulary mapping wherever possible to support the association of metadata with DOI names <ref>[http://www.doi.org/news/DOINewsJun09.html#1''DOI News: Launch of “Vocabulary Mapping Framework”]</ref>

== Intellectual property rights and indecs ==

Indecs uses one common underlying structure which may be considered in three views: the general view; the commerce view; and the intellectual property (legal) view. An intellectual property right is a legal concept, with terms defined in a series of international conventions and treaties and under national law. The precise characteristics by which recognition of intellectual property rights is secured are elusive and are settled by editorial, commercial or, ultimately, by a legal judgement. Indecs does not attempt to replace such legal considerations, though a specific set of legal elements might be included in an indecs-based structure, and the indecs framework specifically includes some definitions from major international treaties such as the [[Berne convention|Berne Convention]] and the [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]].

== Mapping of terms ==

Different models of the life cycle of content may have important differences, not least in the specific meaning attached to the names of terms they employ. FRBR, indecs and CRM were each informed by different functional requirements, and so evolved different mechanisms for dealing with the issues that seemed most important to them. Each is a particular view on the "universe of discourse" of resources and relationships: there are many valid views. Broadly, they are compatible, and effective integration of metadata from schemes based on them should be achievable, but they must be handled with care. As an example: the terms abstraction, manifestation, item and expression are often used in considering content life cycles (e.g. a sound recording is the expression of a musical work during a recording session at a particular place and time, and is distinct from, say, the master tape made, which is a manifestation). These were dealt with in indecs, but may have slightly different meanings in other schemes. Such an analysis of meaning of a term from a scheme is possible in indecs by mapping the precise definitions into further terms with precise definitions within the indecs Framework (as illustarted in the example table below). indecs and other frameworks based on it continue to be developed and refined through the process of implementation.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Entity

! Definition <ref>[http://www.doi.org/topics/indecs/indecs_framework_2000.pdf ''The <indecs> metadata framework Version 2.0'', June 2000] Words in bold face are further terms with precise definitions with the

framework.</ref>

! Relationship

! Examples & standard identifiers

|-

| '''Abstraction'''

| A '''creation''' which is a '''concept'''

|

* Expressed in an expression

|

* A textual abstraction

** PII: [[Publisher Item Identifier]]

** ISTC: [[International Standard Textual Work Code]]

* A serial (e.g., a magazine)

** ISSN: [[International Standard Serial Number]]

* A [[musical composition]]

** ISWC: [[International Standard Musical Work Code]]

* An audiovisual abstraction

** ISAN: [[International Standard Audiovisual Number]]

|-

| '''Expression'''

| An '''event''' which is a '''creation''' (may be a '''performance''')

|

* Fixed in a manifestation

* Abstracted to an abstraction

|

* An audio or a video recording

** ISRC: [[International Standard Recording Code]]

|-

| '''Manifestation'''

| An '''artefact''' (a creation which is a [[thing]]) containing an '''infixion''' (or encoding) of an '''expression''' (is either [[physical]], e.g., a book, or [[digital]], e.g., an [[MP3]] file)

|

* Instantiated in an item

* Abstracted to an abstraction

|

* A book

** ISBN: [[International Standard Book Number]]

* A component of a serial (e.g., an issue or an article)

** SICI: [[Serial Instance and Contribution Identifier]]

* Printed music (e.g., a score)

** ISMN: [[International Standard Music Number]]

* Any of these may be identified by:

**EAN-13: [[European Article Number]]

** UPC: [[Universal Product Code]];

|-

| '''Item'''

| A single instance of an '''artefact'''

|

|

* A book in a library

* A magazine in a doctor's waiting room

* A score on a flautist's music stand

|}

== References ==

Line 125 ⟶ 27:

[[Category:Intellectual property law]]

[[Category:Metadata standards]]