Language-based learning disability: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Type of learning disability}}

{{Orphan|date=February 2009}}

{{more citations needed|date=November 2012}}

'''Language-based learning disabilities''' or LBLD are “[[Heterogenous|heterogeneous]]” disorders associated with young children that affect their academic skills such as listening, [[reasoning]]<ref>{{cite book|author= Vinson, Betsy Partin.|title= Language Disorders Across the Lifespan|publisher=Cengage Demar|___location=Belmont|year=2006|isbn= 1418009547}}</ref> speaking, reading, writing, and math calculations. It is also associated with movement, coordination, and direct attention. LBLD is not usually identified until the child reaches school age. Most of the children with this disorder find it hard to communicate, to express ideas efficiently and whatever they say can be ambiguous and hard to understand<ref>M.B. Aria .Learn How To Be A Better Parent And Raise Healthy Happy Children</ref>

It'''Language-based islearning causeddisabilities''' byor brain'''LBLD''' damageare "[[Heterogenous|heterogeneous]]" neurological differences that can affect skills such as listening, [[reason]]ing, speaking, reading, writing, and math calculations.<ref name="Vinson2006">{{cite book|author= Vinson, Betsy Partin.|title= Language Disorders Across the Lifespan|publisher=Cengage Demar|___location=Belmont|year=2006|isbn= 1418009547978-1-4180-0954-0}}</ref> orIt ais structuralalso developmentassociated ofwith brainmovement, usuallycoordination, atand birthdirect attention. ItLBLD is oftennot hereditary,usually andidentified isuntil frequentlythe associatedchild toreaches specificschool language problems<ref>http://wwwage.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/LBLD.htm</ref> thereMost arepeople twowith typesthis ofdisability LBLD,find non-verbalit hard to communicate, whichto includesexpress disabilitiesideas fromefficiently psychomotorand difficultieswhat tothey [[dyslexia]].say Themay otherbe typeambiguous isand languagehard based.to understand<ref>http://wwwM.parentingedB.com/learning-disabilities/An-Introduction-To-Language-Based-Learning-Disabilities Aria.html</ref><ref>American Speech-Language-HearingLearn How To Be A Better Parent And Raise Healthy Happy AssociationChildren</ref>

It is <ref name="Vinson2006" /> a neurological difference. It is often hereditary, and is frequently associated to specific language problems.<ref name="asha.org">{{cite web | url= http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/LBLD.htm|title=Language-Based Learning Disabilities (Reading, Spelling, and Writing) | publisher=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) | accessdate=August 16, 2016}}</ref>

There are two types of learning disabilities: non-verbal, which includes disabilities from psychomotor difficulties to [[dyscalculia]], and verbal, language based.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.parentinged.com/learning-disabilities/An-Introduction-To-Language-Based-Learning-Disabilities.html | title=An Introduction To Language Based Learning Disabilities | work=www.parentinged.com | accessdate=August 16, 2016 | archive-date=March 3, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195532/http://www.parentinged.com/learning-disabilities/An-Introduction-To-Language-Based-Learning-Disabilities.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>American Speech-Language-Hearing Association</ref>

==Risk factors==

;Risk factors<ref>[http://www.margaretkay.com/Writing%20Disabilities.htm Kay, M.J. Association of School Psychologists of Pennsylvania]</ref>

* A family history of learning disabilities associated with left hemisphere

* Illiteracy factor; children born to teens parents in juvenile court, children of welfare recipients, children of school drop-outs, and unemployed parents.

* Recurrent, chronic [http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/middleear/MEI_whatis.html middle ear infection]

* Fine & gross motor delays

* Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy, such as smoking, alcohol use and drugs

* [http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec16/ch214/ch214a.html Seizure disorders]

* Cancer survivors after high dosages of [[Central nervous system|CNS]] radiation

* Low birth weight

* [http://www.medicinenet.com/jaundice/article.htm Jaundice]

* Central nervous system infection, such as [[encephalitis]] or [[meningitis]]

* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/lead-poisoning/FL00068/DSECTION=symptoms Lead poisoning]

* [http://www.tsa-usa.org/Medical/whatists.html Tourette Syndrome]

* Genetic disorders and [http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/archive/mutations/ mutations]

* [[Congenital hypothyroidism|Congenital hypothyroid syndrome]]

* Attention deficit disorders Problems with socialization

==Symptoms==

Symptoms of LBLD can be complex or simple according to the severity of risk factors. It consists of Dyslexia[[dyscalculia]] which comprises the reading of numbers sequentially, learning the time table, and telling time;<ref>{{cite book|author=Lerner, Janet W.|title=Learning disabilities: theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|___location=Boston|year=2000|isbn=0395961149978-0-395-96114-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/learningdisabili0005lern}}</ref>

There[[dyslexia]]; are alsoand difficulties associated with written language such as trouble learning new vocabulary, letters and [[alphabets]]. Trouble[[Auditory processing disorder]]s can cause trouble understanding questions and following directions, understanding and remembering the details of a story's plot or a classroom lecture, learning words to songs and rhymes, telling left from right, and having a hard time with reading and writing .<ref>{{cite book|authorauthor1= Neuman, Susan B., and |author2=David K. Dickinson.|title= Handbook of Early Literacy Research|publisher= Guilford Publications|___location=Minneapolis|year=2006|isbn= 1 -5938-5184-7}}</ref>

Difficulties associated with reading and spoken language involve trouble understanding questions and following directions, understanding and retaining the details of a story's plot or a classroom lecture, [[nonword repetition]], learning words to songs and rhymes, and identifying the sounds that correspond to letters, which makes learning to read difficult<ref>{{cite journal| authordoi = 10.1111/1469-7610.00674|author1=G.M. McArthur, |author2=J.H. Hogben, |author3=V.T. Edwards, et al.| year = 2000| title = On the “specifics”"specifics" of specific reading disability and specific language impairment.| journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry| volume = 41| pages = 869–874| pmid = 11079429| issue = 7|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref>

Difficulties associated with [[motor skill]]s include difficulty telling left from right which is part of [[developmental coordination disorder|motor incoordination]], visual perceptual problems, and memory problem<ref>{{cite book|author= Paul, Rhea, Pamela Bruni, and Ayub Balweel.|title= Language Disorders from Infancy Through Adolescence: Assessment and Intervention|publisher= Mosby|___location=St. Louis|year=2006|isbn= 0323036856978-0-323-03685-6}}</ref>

==Prevalence==

[[File:Learning disability.jpg|alt=brown background, with white letter tiles|thumb|Learning disability word tile]]

15-20% of the children in the United States have a language-based learning disability.

Language-based learning disabilities (LBLD) are commonly diagnosed in schools, when typical developmental milestones have surpassed without progress. Educational instructors may notice developmental delays in students and chose to evaluate them using the Curriculum-based measurement (CBM).<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Language-Based Learning Disability: What to Know {{!}} LD OnLine |url=https://www.ldonline.org/ld-topics/writing-spelling/language-based-learning-disability-what-know |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.ldonline.org |language=en}}</ref> Although various research has been conducted, determining the prevalence of LBLD is difficult, affecting approximating every 1 in 10 children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=McDowell |first=Michael |date=4 July 2018 |title=Specific Learning Disability |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |volume=54 |issue=10|pages=1077–1083 |doi=10.1111/jpc.14168 |pmid=30294983 |s2cid=52932537 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Of the students with specific learning disabilities receiving special education services, 70–80% have a discrepancy in reading.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.verticylearning.org/language-based-learning-differences-resources | title=Resources for Language-based Learning Differences | work=Verticy Learning | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015101402/http://www.verticylearning.org/language-based-learning-differences-resources | archivedate=October 15, 2009}}</ref> LBLD significantly affect one's ability to partake in accurate reading comprehension, phonetic awareness and linguistic deficits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kida |first1=Adriana de S. B. |last2=Ávila |first2=Clara R. B. de |last3=Capellini |first3=Simone A. |date=2016 |title=Reading Comprehension Assessment through Retelling: Performance Profiles of Children with Dyslexia and Language-Based Learning Disability |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=7 |page=787 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00787 |pmid=27313551 |pmc=4887488 |issn=1664-1078|doi-access=free }}</ref> Some students will be diagnosed with LBLD during the duration of their primary education, whereas others may not recognize their language incompetencies until late adolescents.<ref name=":03" /> Language-based learning disabilities are not a new phenomenon, however prevalence and diagnoses have developed through investigation and research.<ref name=":1" />

70-80% have a discrepancy in reading.<ref>http://www.verticylearning.org/lld-facts-and-resources.html</ref>

==DiagnosesDiagnosis==

A [http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos099.htm Speech[speech-Languagelanguage Pathologistpathologist]] (SLP) , [[Psychologistpsychologist]]s, [http://www.bls.gov/k12/help05.htm[social Social Workerworker]], and sometimes [http://www.neurologychannel.com/aneurologist.shtml Neurologist[neurologist]] work together or individually to find the proper diagnosis for children with LBLD. Additionally, they evaluate speaking, listening, reading, and written language for children who have LBLD.

Social workers obtain literacy history from the home, and then observe the child during classroom activities, they look for social interactions.* SLPs evaluate the child's comprehension skills, and the child’schild's ability to follow verbal and written directions. Also, they look for responsiveness, and see if the child recognizes familiar signs or holds a book correctly and they look for whether the child knows and/or writes letters, and names [14].

* Social workers obtain literacy history from the home, and then observe the child during classroom activities, they look for social interactions.

Psychologists review a child's [[Phonology|phonological]] memory by having him or her repeat series of words, numbers, letters, and sounds [15]. They also look for response from the child to environmental and social factors. Neurologists look for motor skills, brain functions which include visual and auditory perception .<ref>{{cite journal| author = M.F. Joanisse, F.R. Manis, P. Keating and M.S. Seidenberg| year = 2000| title = Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children: Speech Perception, Phonology, and Morphology.| journal = Journal of Experimental Child Psychology| volume = 77| pages = 30–60}}</ref>

* Psychologists review a child's [[Phonology|phonological]] memory by having him or her repeat series of words, numbers, letters, and sounds. They also look for response from the child to environmental and social factors.

Psychologists review a child's [[Phonology|phonological]] memory by having him or her repeat series of words, numbers, letters, and sounds [15]. They also look for response from the child to environmental and social factors.* Neurologists look for motor skills, brain functions which include visual and auditory perception .<ref>{{cite journal| author author1= M.F. Joanisse, |author2=F.R. Manis, |author3=P. Keating and |author4=M.S. Seidenberg | year = 2000| title = Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children: Speech Perception, Phonology, and Morphology.| journal = Journal of Experimental Child Psychology| volume = 77| pages = 30–60| pmid = 10964458| issue = 1| doi = 10.1006/jecp.1999.2553|citeseerx=10.1.1.55.2655 |s2cid=8629386 }}</ref>

===Dyslexia===

[[Dyslexia]] is a common language-based learning disability. Dyslexia can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/dyslexia/ | title=Dyslexia | publisher=Learning Disabilities Association of America | accessdate=August 16, 2016}}</ref> The greatest difficult those with the disorder have is with spoken and the written word. These issues present pertain but are not limited to:

*Expressing ideas clearly, as if the words needed are on the tip of the tongue but won't come out.

*Letters and numbers

*Learning the alphabet

*Mixing up the order of numbers that are a part of math calculations

*Spelling

*Memorizing the [[times tables]]

*Telling time<ref name="asha.org"/>

==Prognosis==

LBLD can be an enduring problem. Some people might experience overlapping learning disabilities that make improvement problematic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Susan D. |last2=Calhoun |first2=Susan L. |last3=Crowell |first3=Errin W. |date=2000–2009 |title=Learning Disabilities and ADHD: Overlapping Spectrum Disorders |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002221940003300502 |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=417–424 |doi=10.1177/002221940003300502 |pmid=15495544 |s2cid=144958989 |issn=0022-2194|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Others with single disabilities often show more improvement. Most subjects can achieve literacy via coping mechanisms and education.

LBLD can be enduring situation. Some people might experience overlapping learning disabilities that makes them less likely to have improvement results. Others with single learning problems that don’t impact their life very much have more improvement. Most of them can balance and achieve literacy, but as they grow old, they become weak in work, social and psychological changes.

==Treatment==

Special education classes are the primary treatment. These classes focus on activities that sustain growth in language skills. The foundation of this treatment is repetition of oral, reading and writing activities. Usually the SLP, psychologist and the teacher work together with the children in small groups in the class room.

Another treatment is looking at a child’schild's needs through the Individual Education Plan (IEP). In this program teachers and parents work together to monitor the progress of the child’schild's comprehensive, verbal, written, social, and motor skills in school and in the home. Then the child goes through different assessments to determine his/her level. The level that the child is placed in will determine the class size, number of teachers, and the need for therapy. There are a number of schools that cater specifically to students with language-based learning disabilities such as Landmark School in Massachusetts.

==See also==

*[[Auditory processing disorder]]

*[[Developmental verbal dyspraxia]]

*[[Specific language impairment]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

*[httphttps://wwwdoi.springerlinkorg/10.com/content/w6tj10878k746637/1023%2FA%3A1025731529006 Language disability and attention disorder].

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090417063519/http://www.margaretkay.com/Non-Verbal%20Learning%20Disabilities.htm Non-Verbal Learning Disability].

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081025104614/http://www.margaretkay.com/Autism.htm Autism Spectrum Disorders].

*[httphttps://wwwweb.archive.org/web/20090225230312/http://margaretkay.com/Dysgraphia.htm Dysgraphia].

*[http://www.landmarkschool.org/.htm Landmark School].

{{Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[http://www.landmarkschool.org]]

[[Category:Learning disabilities]]