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{{Short description|Volunteer-run Internet chess server}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=JulyJanuary 20132025}}

{{Infobox website

[[File:Partida no FreeChess.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A chess game on '''FICS''' using an interface named [[Jin (chess interface)|Jin]]]]

|name=Free Internet Chess Server (FICS)

|logo=Free Internet Chess Server (banner).jpg

|commercial=No

|url={{url|freechess.org}}

|launch_date={{Start date and age|df=yes|1995|03|09}}

|current_status=online

}}

The '''Free Internet Chess Server''' ('''FICS''') is a volunteer-run [[Internetonline chess server]] platform. ItWhen wasthe organisedoriginal as[[Internet aChess freeServer]] alternative(ICS) towas commercialized and rebranded as the [[Internet Chess Club]] (ICC) in 1995, aftera thatgroup siteof beganusers chargingand fordevelopers membershipcame together to fork the code and host an alternative committed to [[Free-culture movement|free access]].<ref name=":1"A />rivalry between ICC and FICS persisted for years.

Users download one of several graphical client programs, connect to the server via [[telnet]], and can play chess or [[Chess variant|variants]] at a range of time controls. Games played on FICS are stored in a database, which has been used to train chess engines and to support academic studies.

==History==

[[File:Free Internet Chess Server (banner).jpg|thumb|250px|FICS Banner.]]

The first [[Internet chess server]], named the Internet Chess Server (ICS), started in January 1992. The software was coded, supported, and operated by volunteers until 1995, when administrators began charging players for membership and changed the name to [[Internet Chess Club|ICC]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.edcollins.com/chess/fics-icc.htm |title=Pawns Call King a Rook |author=Brad Stone |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref>

FICS is based in the US, but the user base is international.

Several former ICS programmers saw the commercialisation of ICS as an exploitation of their work. This group, led by Chris Petroff and Henrik Gram, developed FICS as an alternative to the paid model, giving users free, unrestricted access. The server debuted on {{start date and age|1995|3|3|df=y|paren=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |title=History of the Internet Chess Server – Part I |author=Chris Petroff |date=5 March 2009 |access-date=2010-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313150500/http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |archive-date=13 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Events/Anniversary/2005/index.html |title=FICS 10th Anniversary Celebrations |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref>

In addition to the games themselves, FICS offers [[Chat room|chat rooms]], pairing systems, analysis tools, and [[Chess rating system|ratings]]. A relay system displays high-profile tournament games for users to see.

In 1998, the Free Internet Chess Organization (FICS) was organized as a [[nonprofit organization]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://gambiter.com/chess/online/Free_internet_chess_server.html|title=Free Internet Chess Server|website=gambiter.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref>

As of 2024, FICS is still operational, but it has declined in popularity with the rise of web-based chess sites.{{clarifyme|date=July 2025}}

In 2007, the legal entity was involuntarily dissolved. The server is still maintained and administered by volunteers. In 2016, 50,000 active players played a total of 23 million games.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ficsgames.org/2013_stats.html|title=FICS Games Database – Statistics for 2013|access-date=2014-08-03}}</ref>

== History ==

As of August 2014, FICS had over 650,000 registered accounts.<ref name=":0" />

=== Internet Chess Server ===

{{main|Internet Chess Server}}

In January 1992, Michael Moore of the [[University of Utah]] and Richard Nash started the first online service facilitating live chess games, the [[Internet Chess Server|American Internet Chess Server]] (commonly known as the Internet Chess Server or ICS). The initial release, accessible via [[telnet]], was hosted at the [[University of Utah]], but over its first two years it moved repeatedly across American universities, with additional servers opening and connecting to each other through Nash's Internet Ratings Server.<ref name="Petroff-2009">{{Cite web |last=Petroff |first=Chris |date=2009-03-05 |title=History of the Internet Chess Server – Part I |url=http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313150500/http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |archive-date=2010-03-13 |access-date=2010-05-10 }}</ref><ref name="fics10year"/><ref name="Doggers-2024">{{Cite book |last=Doggers |first=Peter |title=The Chess Revolution: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age |publisher=Puzzlewright |year=2024 |isbn=9781454959243}}</ref> The software was coded, supported, and operated by volunteers.<ref name="Stone-2006"/>

Later that same year, in July 1992, [[Daniel Sleator]], professor of computer science at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], took over operation and improved the code. One of his primary contributions was a mechanism to adjust clock times for the effects of Internet lag. He announced plans to commercialize the service, copyrighted the code in 1994, and rebranded it as the [[Internet Chess Club]] (ICC) in 1995, charging membership fees.<ref name="Stone-2006">{{Cite web |url=http://www.edcollins.com/chess/fics-icc.htm |title=Pawns Call King a Rook |first=Brad |last=Stone |access-date=2010-05-10 |date=2006-05-11 |archive-date=2010-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928230044/http://edcollins.com/chess/fics-icc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Chicago Chess Player-1995">{{Cite web |date=November 1995 |title=Trapped in the (Inter) Net |url=https://www.chicagochessleague.org/cicl/bulls/history/Yr1995_96/Nov1995.pdf |website=The Chicago Chess Player |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2005-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510030854/http://www.chicagochessleague.org/cicl/bulls/history/Yr1995_96/Nov1995.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Usage==

Sleator's decision to commercialize the ICS was controversial, outraging members who felt the Internet should be free and open, or who simply did not want to pay for a service that had been free.<ref name="Hurst-1999">{{Cite book |last=Hurst |first=Sarah |title=Chess on the Web |publisher=Batsford |year=1999 |isbn=9780713485776}}</ref><ref name="The Chicago Chess Player-1995" /> According to journalist Brad Stone: "Players lost their tempers and were exiled from the server, opposition groups were formed, lawsuits were threatened, ICC administrators were harassed, and plans to erect alternative servers were formed."<ref name="Stone-2006" /><ref name="Doggers-2024" />

===Connecting===

[[File:babaschesssmallcrop.jpg|thumb|250px|FICS using BabasChess interface]]

Playing chess on FICS requires connecting to the server either through a web-based applet on the [http://www.freechess.org FICS website] or else by using a [[client (computing)|client]] program, which could be as simple as a [[telnet]] client, but is usually an [[graphical user interface|interface]] designed specifically for playing Internet chess.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/QuickGuide/index.html |title=FICS QuickGuide : Graphical Interfaces |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref> Users can log in either as an anonymous guest or else by registering for a free account. Each user is permitted only one account. The server maintains rating and game statistics for registered users. FICS uses the [[Glicko rating system]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/glicko.html |title=Vek-splanation of the Glicko Ratings System |author=vek/glickman|access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref>

=== Development of a free alternative ===

===Gameplay===

[[File:FICS telnet login.png|thumb|FICS login screen.]]

Players can watch for game requests by other users broadcast or create their own seeks and wait for someone to respond. Seeks include time controls and frequently an optional ratings limit. Seeks can be programmed to be require manual acceptance by the user, or they can automatically be accepted by the player. Users can challenge specific players to a game by using the match command. Moves are made with a mouse on an image of a chess board or users can type in moves in [[algebraic chess notation]]. All games played by registered users are recorded by a computer and made publicly available.<ref name=":0" />

Several former ICS programmers saw the move as exploiting their work and, on the day its rebranding was announced, they created a mailing list focused on developing an alternative. Work had been in progress, using Nash's original code, since Sleator initially revealed his commercialization plans.<ref name="Petroff-2009" /><ref name="The Chicago Chess Player-1995" /> Several developers contributed, led by Nash, Henrik Gram, David Flynn, and Chris Petroff. The effort led to servers in several places around the world and in the United States, with the latter consolidating to form the Free Internet Chess Server (FICS), launched on 5 March 1995.<ref name="Petroff-2009" /><ref name="The Chicago Chess Player-1995" /><ref name="fics10year">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freechess.org/Events/Anniversary/2005/index.html |title=FICS 10th Anniversary Celebrations |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626015722/http://www.freechess.org/Events/Anniversary/2005/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its tagline is "we do it for the game--not the money".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Slater |first=Derek |date=1 September 1999 |title=Knight Moves |work=CIO|pages=20}}</ref>

=== TimeGrowth controlsand rivalry with ICC ===

After a few months, FICS had 1,500 members.<ref name="Doggers-2024" /> In 1998, the Free Internet Chess Organization (FICS) was organized as a [[nonprofit organization]], although the formal entity was dissolved in 2007. The server is still maintained and administered by volunteers. FICS never matched the popularity of ICC, but as of 2012 it had about 900 people logged in at any given time,<ref name="Bouman-2012" /> and by August 2014 it had over 650,000 registered accounts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menn |first=Joseph |title=All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=9781400050062}}</ref> In 2016, 50,000 active players played a total of 23 million games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficsgames.org/2013_stats.html |title=FICS Games Database – Statistics for 2013 |access-date=3 August 2014 }}</ref>

Since the mechanics of play are simplified, chess games played online tend to use faster time controls than in over-the-board (OTB) play. Longer games (i.e., usually 15 or more minutes per player) are called standard and are also common on the server. Separate ratings are maintained for lightning (under 3 minutes), blitz (usually 5 or 10 minutes), and standard (over 15 minutes). Irregular variants, such as Fischer Random, are grouped together into a handful of formats like Wild, and these are not further classified by time controls.<ref name=":0" />

The two servers used different names for similar features, which were then part of the rivalry. For example, very fast games in which each player only has one or two minutes to make all their moves are called "lightning" on FICS but "bullet" on ICC. The terms became [[Shibboleth|shibboleths]], marking members of each community and derided by the other.<ref name="Doggers-2024" />

[[Time control#Compensation (delay methods)|Fischer delay]] is popular: the time control is specified by two numbers, the minutes each player is allotted at the start of the game, and the seconds added to a player's clock after making a move (the ''increment''). For example, in the popular 2–12 time controls, each player receives 2 minutes at the beginning of the game, and 12 seconds are added to a player's clock after they make a move. Since all games are assumed to last 40 moves for format classification purposes, 2–12 is grouped with 10-minutes-per-player (10=2+12*40/60).{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

In a 2024 book, Peter Doggers drew a comparison between the FICS and ICC rivalry and the later [[Lichess]] vs. [[Chess.com]] rivalry, with one side committed to free and open principles and the other offering more features for a fee.<ref name="Doggers-2024" />

The timeseal is a utility which allows the server to adjust for the effects of internet [[lag (video games)|lag]]. Each move is time-stamped locally and the time is takes for each command to travel to the server is not deducted from the player's clock. This method of time stamping each move is helpful for players with slow internet connections. FICS does not track lag centrally and does not permit users to exclude persistent laggers.<ref name=":0" />

== Usage ==

{|

{{stack|[[File:Partida no FreeChess.png|thumb|A chess game on FICS using the Jin interface.]]}}

! Format || Popular Controls (minutes and optional increment)

FICS is accessible via [[telnet]] and was text-only by default. Before graphical interfaces, users would see a board created by [[ASCII]] characters, with the lines of the board created by [[Hyphen|hyphens]] and [[Vertical bar|pipes]], and pieces represented by letters.<ref name="Doggers-2024" /> Whereas ICC has dedicated, proprietary graphical interfaces, several have been developed for FICS, with none having official status. The earliest were XICS and [[XBoard]], with subsequent programs including [[XBoard|WinBoard]], BabasChess, Jin, Thief, Raptor, eboard, [[PyChess]], and JavaBoard.<ref name="Fernández Slezak-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Fernández Slezak |first1=Diego |last2=Etchemendy |first2=Pablo |last3=Sigman |first3=Mariano |date=2010 |title=Rapid chess: A massive-scale experiment |url=https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/152631 |journal=High-Performance Computing Symposium (HPC 2010) |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910175016/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/152631 |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-

| lightning (x<3) || 1

|-

| blitz (3<=x<15) || 3, 5, 2-12

|-

| standard (15<=x) || 15, 45-45

|}

The traditional FICS interface was a dedicated client built with pre-web technology, but web-based interfaces are also supported. Users can play using an anonymous guest account or register for an account with a username. Registered users can play games rated using the [[Glicko rating system]], with separate ratings based on time control and chess variant.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=vek |first2=Mark |last2=Glickman |author3=mhill |title=Vek-splanation of the Glicko Ratings System |url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/glicko.html |access-date=2010-05-10 |archive-date=2010-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625235115/http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/glicko.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Interfaces===

[[File:Mobila Chess Layout.png|thumb|300x300px|Mobile Interface]]

FICS is designed to be accessed by a chess interface designed to connect to Internet chess servers. Interfaces are created independently. FICS does not have an official interface and does not endorse any interface. The most popular interfaces for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] are [[BabasChess]], Jin, [[XBoard]], [[Thief (chess)|Thief]], and Raptor.<ref name=":0" /> Mobialia Chess is the most common platform for mobile operating systems Android and IOS.

Once connected, discussion takes place in a wide number of function-specific or subject-specific chat channels numbered 0 through 255. For example, channel 0 is for administrators only, 1 is for general help, 50 is general chat, and 49 is for tournaments. FICS, like ICS, is based in the US, but it has been notable for its international diversity. Early descriptions of using the servers highlight playing against and talking with people from around the world, which was a rare experience in the 1990s.<ref name="Doggers-2024" />

On other operating systems (mainly Unix-type boxes based on Linux or macOS), eboard, [[XBoard]], [[PyChess]], Jin, JavaBoard, and Raptor are popular choices. JavaBoard, JinApplet, and QXBoard are web interfaces that run in a web browser.<ref name=":0" />

=== Variants ===

In 2017, the [https://www.freechess.club Free Chess Club] open-source project released a web-based client targeted towards modern web browsers using [[JavaScript]], [[HTML5]] and [[WebSockets]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freechess.club/ |title=Home |website=freechess.club}}</ref> In addition to a web interface, Free Chess Club provides a cross-platform desktop application that runs on [[Linux]], [[macOS]] and [[Windows]].

In addition to standard chess, FICS hosts several [[Chess variant|chess variants]], including [[Losing chess|suicide]], [[Losing chess|loser's]], [[Atomic chess|atomic]], wild (including [[chess960]]), [[Bughouse chess|bughouse]], and [[crazyhouse]].<ref name="Hurst-1999" /> It became known for the popularity of its variants and the strength of its variant players. In particular, ''Chess Daily News'' said it is "well-known for featuring the best bughouse and crazyhouse play in the world".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=William |date=23 June 2011 |title=ChessCube vs. Chess.com vs. FICS vs. ICC - An objective comparison. |url=https://chessdailynews.com/chesscube-vs-chess-com-vs-fics-vs-icc-an-objective-comparison/ |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Chess Daily News by Susan Polgar |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Channels Relay ===

FICS relays major live chess events. A bot takes the moves in ongoing games and relays them to special demo accounts bearing the names of players in the event. Users watch and comment on the games in progress. The relay has covered several [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Championships]] as well as [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Wijk aan Zee]], [[Morelia-Linares]] and [[Amber Melody]].<ref name="Hurst-1999" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Internet Chess Server Relays |url=https://www.freechess.org/Events/Relay/index.html |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Free Internet Chess Server |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412221926/https://www.freechess.org/Events/Relay/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The web-based [[Lichess]] platform obtains its tournament relays via FICS.

FICS has a number of very conservatively censored chat channels numbered 0 through 255. Many of the channels are reserved for administrators and bots.<ref name=":0" />

=== Archive ===

Some of the more popular channels include:

All games played by registered users are recorded and made publicly available for free. The FICS game archive has been used in [[chess opening]] studies,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Rick |date=20 December 2015 |title=The Jerome Gambit: Lots of Practice, Some Theory |url=https://jeromegambit.blogspot.com/2015/12/lots-of-practice-some-theory.html |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=The Jerome Gambit |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123032518/https://jeromegambit.blogspot.com/2015/12/lots-of-practice-some-theory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> academic studies on memory,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=David G. |last2=Török |first2=Balázs |last3=Orbán |first3=Gergő |date=15 October 2020 |title=Optimal forgetting: Semantic compression of episodic memories |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=e1008367 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008367 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7358 |pmc=7591090 |pmid=33057380|bibcode=2020PLSCB..16E8367N }}</ref> decision-making,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slezak |first1=Diego Fernandez |last2=Sigman |first2=Mariano |last3=Cecchi |first3=Guillermo A. |date=2 March 2018 |title=An entropic barriers diffusion theory of decision-making in multiple alternative tasks |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=e1005961 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005961 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7358 |pmc=5851639 |pmid=29499036|bibcode=2018PLSCB..14E5961F }}</ref><ref name="Fernández Slezak-2010" /> and user interface design.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Picussa |first1=Juliano |last2=Garcia |first2=Laura S. |last3=Bueno |first3=Juliana |last4=Ferreira |first4=Marica V. R. |last5=Direne |first5=Alexandre I. |last6=de Bona |first6=Luis C. E. |last7=Silva |first7=Fabiano |last8=Castilho |first8=Marcos A. |last9=Sunye |first9=Marcos S. |chapter=A user-interface environment solution for an online educational Chess server |date=June 2008 |title=2008 Second International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rcis.2008.4632106 |publisher=IEEE |pages=179–186 |doi=10.1109/rcis.2008.4632106|isbn=978-1-4244-1677-6 }}</ref> The server and its archive have been used to train [[Chess engine|chess engines]] and chess-related [[machine learning]] projects,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Isaac |date=2023 |title=Machine Learning to Study Patterns in Chess Games [thesis] |url=https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30894.52807 |journal=[[University of Exeter]] |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.30894.52807}}</ref> while the FICS code has been used to launch similar regional or thematic chess servers as well as influencing the design of other chess projects.<ref name="Bouman-2012">{{Cite web |last=Bouman |first=Egbert |date=2012 |title=Tribler-G: A Decentralized Social Network for Playing Chess [Master's Thesis] |url=https://egbertbouman.github.io/tribler-g/publications/Tribler-G%20A%20Decentralized%20Social%20Network%20for%20Playing%20Chess%20Online%20(MSc%20thesis).pdf |website=Delft University of Technology}}</ref>

== See also ==

*channel 1 - general help; questions asked in channel 1 are usually answered by FICS admins or Service Representatives (SRs)

* [[List of Internet chess servers]]

*channel 4 - helping guests

*channel 50 - general chat

*channel 53 - guest chat

Registration is required for all channels except channels 1,4 and 53.

== References ==

Some channels are used for FICS staff and cannot be seen by regular users:

{{Reflist|1}}

==Bibliography==

*channel 0 - the admin channel

*channel 5 - the service representatives channel

*channel 48 - the mamer manager channel

*channel 63 - the chess advisor channel

== External links ==

A user can listen and send tells to up to thirty channels simultaneously. Another form of mass communication available to registered users is "shouts" which can be seen by all connected users who haven't turned shouts off.<ref name=":0" />

* {{Official website}}

* [http://www.ficsgames.org FICS Game Database] – database of all games played

===Variants===

Currently, the following [[chess variants]] are available on FICS, besides regular chess:

*[[Losing chess|Suicide]] – capturing is compulsory, a player wins by losing all his pieces; the king has no special significance

*Loser's chess – like suicide, but with additional rules pertaining to the king and check

*[[Atomic chess|Atomic]] – pieces "explode" when captured, removing all adjacent pieces except pawns

*Wild – Nine different variants similar to regular chess but with different types of starting positions, including [[Chess960]]

*[[Bughouse chess|Bughouse]] – fast-paced, four player game, in which two teams of two players face each other on two boards

*[[Crazyhouse]] – two player version (like in regular chess) of bughouse, where captured pieces reenter the game

===Tournaments on FICS===

Tournaments are regularly organised or relayed on FICS. The popular [[Lichess]] platform obtains its tournament relays via FICS.

====Mamer tournaments====

Most tournaments are organised by "Mamer," an automated tournament director. Mamer is run by tourney managers who organize and supervise tournaments. Mamer announces tournaments through channel 49 and through tells and "tshouts." Tournaments organised by Mamer range in time controls and include variants.<ref name=":0" />

====Other tournaments====

Other regular conducted tournaments on FICS include tournaments featuring slow time controls (STC) of typically more than 45 minutes. Two of the most popular of these are FICS Teamleague, which uses 45 45 controls, and the Online Chess League (OCL), which uses 60 15 time controls. Both are team events with teams of 4 competing against each other, and each player typically plays one game per week. In addition, the STC Bunch, or the Slow Time Control Bunch, organised several tournaments with slow time controls.<ref name=":0" />

===Relay===

FICS relays major chess events. A bot takes the moves in ongoing games and relays them to special demo accounts on FICS. These demo accounts bear the names of the [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]] playing in the event. Users and guests on FICS can watch the games in progress and chat about the games with each other. The relay has covered every single World Chess Championship since its inception. Other major relays include the yearly relay of [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Wijk aan Zee]], Morelia-Linares and Amber Melody.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==

*[[List of Internet chess servers]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{official website|http://www.freechess.org/}}

* [http://www.freechess.org/Events/Scheduled/index.html Scheduled tournaments]

* [http://www.ficsgames.org FICS Game Database] - database of all games played

* [http://apps.brrm.ru/lightfics/ FICS Mac OS app]

* [http://www.bughouse-db.org/ FICS Bughouse Database]

* [http://www.freechess.org/interfaces.html FICS interface comparison]

* [http://www.teamleague.org/ FICS TeamLeague]

[[Category:Internet chess servers]]