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[[File:Smartphone with navigation map app.jpg|thumb|right|A web map app
'''Web mapping''' or an '''online mapping''' is the process of using, creating, and distributing [[map]]s on the [[World Wide Web]] (the Web), usually through the use of [[Web GIS|Web geographic information systems]] (Web GIS).<ref name=Fu1>{{cite book |last1=Fu |first1=Pinde |last2=Sun |first2=Jiulin |title=Web GIS: Principles and Applications |year=2011 |___location=Redlands,
== Introduction ==
The advent of web mapping can be regarded as a major new trend in cartography. Until recently, cartography was restricted to a few [[:Category:Map companies|companies]], institutes and [[:Category:National cartographic agencies|mapping agencies]], requiring relatively expensive and complex hardware and software as well as skilled cartographers and [[geomatics]] engineers.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Neumann |first=Andreas |title=Web Mapping and Web Cartography |date=2008 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1485 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of GIS |pages=1261–1269 |editor-last=Shekhar |editor-first=Shashi |access-date=2023-12-04 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1485 |isbn=978-0-387-35973-1 |editor2-last=Xiong |editor2-first=Hui|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Web mapping has brought many geographical datasets, including free ones generated by [[OpenStreetMap]] and proprietary datasets owned by [[
The terms ''[[web GIS]]'' and ''web mapping'' are often used interchangeably, but the terms are distinct.<ref name=Fu1/><ref name=Fu2/><ref name=Zhang1/><ref name=Peterson1>{{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Michael P. |title=Mapping in the Cloud |year=2014 |publisher=The Guiford Press |___location=New York |isbn=978-1-4625-1041-2 |oclc=855580732 |url=https://archive.org/details/mappingincloud0000pete |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Web GIS, Simply |url=https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/insider/web-gis-simply/ |website=ESRI Newsroom Insider |date=10 June 2016 |publisher=ESRI |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=Ezekiel1>{{cite journal |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Kuria |last2=Kimani |first2=Stephen |last3=Mindila |first3=Agnes |title=A Framework for Web GIS Development: A Review |journal=International Journal of Computer Applications |date=June 2019 |volume=178 |issue=16 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.5120/ijca2019918863|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name= Rowland1>{{cite journal |last1=Rowland |first1=Alexandra |last2=Folmer |first2=Erwin |last3=Beek |first3=Wouter |title=Towards Self-Service GIS—Combining the Best of the Semantic Web and Web GIS |journal=ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |date=2020 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=753 |doi=10.3390/ijgi9120753|bibcode=2020IJGI....9..753R |doi-access=free }}</ref> Web GIS uses and enables web maps, and end users who are ''web mapping'' are gaining analytical capabilities from Web GIS, however Web GIS has more applications than web mapping, and web mapping can be accomplished without Web GIS. Web GIS emphasizes [[geodata]] processing aspects more involved with design aspects such as data acquisition and server software architecture such as data storage and algorithms, than it does the end-user reports themselves.<ref name="KraakSettingsAndNeeds"/> The term ''[[___location-based service]]s'' refers to ''web mapping'' consumer goods and services.<ref>Parker, C.J., May, A., Mitchell, V. and Burrows, A. (2013), “[https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11589/15/Parker%20et%20al.%20(Capturing%20VGI%20For%20Inclusive%20Service_Design).pdf Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges]”, The Design Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197–218.</ref> Web mapping usually involves a [[web browser]] or other user agent capable of client-server interactions.<ref name="web_hist"/> Questions of quality, usability, social benefits, and legal constraints are driving its evolution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=M.|last2=Sharples|first2=Sarah|last3=Harding|first3=Jenny|last4=Parker|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Bearman|first5=N.|last6=Maguire|first6=M.|last7=Forrest|first7=D.|last8=Haklay|first8=M.|last9=Jackson|first9=M.|title=Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions|journal=Applied Ergonomics|date=2013|volume=44|issue=6|pages=855–865|doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013|pmid=23177775|s2cid=26412254|url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2809/1/Brown_et_al_2013_Usabilty_of_Geographic_Information.pdf|access-date=2019-07-12|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719082903/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2809/1/Brown_et_al_2013_Usabilty_of_Geographic_Information.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|title=User-centred design of neogeography: the impact of volunteered geographic information on users' perceptions of online map 'mashups'|journal=Ergonomics|date=2014|volume=57|issue=7|pages=987–997|doi=10.1080/00140139.2014.909950|pmid=24827070|s2cid=13458260|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23845}}</ref>
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===Animated and realtime===
Realtime maps show the situation of a phenomenon in close to [[Real-time computing|realtime]] (only a few seconds or minutes delay).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Painting the Web|last=Powers, Shelley.|date=2008|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=9780596515096|oclc=191753336|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/paintingweb00shel}}</ref> They are usually animated. Data is collected by sensors and the maps are generated or updated at regular intervals or on demand.
[[Animated mapping|Animated maps]] show changes in the map over time by animating one of the graphical or temporal variables.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Web cartography
[[CartoDB]] launched an open source library, Torque,<ref>{{
===Collaborative web maps===
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Various companies now offer web mapping as a cloud based [[software as a service]]. These service providers allow users to create and share maps by uploading data to their servers (cloud storage). The maps are created either by using an in browser editor or writing scripts that leverage the service providers API's.
== Advantages of
{{
[[File:Surface analysis.gif|thumb|right|300px|A surface weather analysis for the [[United States]] on October 21, 2006]]
Compared to traditional techniques, mapping software has many advantages. The disadvantages are also stated.
* Web maps can easily
** A map displaying [[election]] results, as soon as the election results become available.
** A [[traffic congestion map]] using traffic data collected by sensor networks.
** A map showing the current locations of [[mass transit]] vehicles such as [[bus]]es or [[Light rail|train]]s, allowing patrons to minimize their waiting time at stops or stations, or be aware of delays in service.
** [[Surface weather analysis|Weather maps]], such as [[NEXRAD]].
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==History==
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* 1989: ''Birth of the WWW'', [[WWW]] invented at [[CERN]] for the exchange of research documents.<ref name="web_birth">More details are in: [[History of the World Wide Web#1980–1991: Invention and implementation]].</ref>
* 1993: '''''[[Xerox PARC Map Viewer]]''''', The first mapserver based on [[Common Gateway Interface|CGI]]/[[Perl]], allowed reprojection styling and definition of map extent.<ref name=Plew2>{{cite journal |last1=Plew |first1=Brandon |title=Web Cartography in the United States |journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Science |date=2007 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |doi=10.1559/152304007781002235 |bibcode=2007CGISc..34..133P |s2cid=140717290 |url=https://doi.org/10.1559/152304007781002235 |access-date=6 January 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 1994: '''''The National Atlas of Canada''''', The first version of the National Atlas of Canada was released. Can be regarded as the first [[atlas|online atlas]].
* 1995: '''''The Gazetteer for Scotland''''', The prototype version of the Gazetteer for Scotland was released. The first geographical database with interactive mapping.
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* 2009: '''[[MapTiler]]''' released as open source software for tiling of geographic data for web maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=Using MapTiler to Create a Tileset |url=https://maps.nls.uk/projects/urbhist/guides_maptiler.html |website=Visualising Urban Geographies |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=2009}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Nokia]] made '''''[[Ovi Maps]]''''' free on its smartphones.
* 2012: '''''[[Apple Maps]]''''', the first vector-tile based mapping app,<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Apple's new vector-based Maps leave Google Maps looking jittery|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/12/08/03/inside_apples_new_vector_based_maps_in_ios_6|access-date=2021-08-18|website=AppleInsider|date=3 August 2012 |language=en}}</ref> is launched, replacing [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s own Google Maps client as the default mapping app for its platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/26/apple-maps-europe-google|title=How Apple Maps won on UK iPhones over Google Maps - despite Waze|last=Arthur|first=Charles|date=2013-11-26|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
* 2020: '''''[[Petal Maps]]''''' is released.
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==Impact on society==
Web maps have become an essential tool for many,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themanifest.com/app-development/trends-navigation-apps|title = The Popularity of Google Maps: Trends in Navigation Apps in 2018 | August 2021}}</ref> as illustrated by a 2021 [[labor strike]] demanding (among other things) a certain type of map.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2021/11/16/hong-kong-police-warn-striking-foodpanda-workers-to-disperse-or-face-possible-force/|title = Hong Kong police warn striking Foodpanda workers to disperse or face possible force|date = 16 November 2021}}</ref> Web mapping has allowed for a more environmentally conscious way of navigating ___location. With the creation of web mapping, people do not have to use paper maps anymore, as it is accessible through the internet, benefiting our environment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12860 |title=Understanding the Changing Planet: Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences |date=2010-06-23 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-15075-0 |___location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.17226/12860 }}</ref> Also, atlases or paper maps that were accessed could have been outdated. With web mapping, in real time, users are able to get step by step directions to a ___location based on where they currently are located with the most current geographical information. It also allows you to choose routes with distances and estimated times of travel for each. You can even choose your mode of transportation like driving or walking.
Another benefit is that web mapping has allowed more of the general population to access this technology because it is free and accessible to anyone with an internet connection. It also gives us real-time updates about traffic and road conditions which can lead to safer travels. Although not a common use, web mapping can be used to learn more about culture and history. You can explore historical maps, cultural landmarks, natural features, parks, trails, report issues, natural hazards, pollution, and much more.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=How does GIS web mapping affect you and your community? |url=https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-does-gis-web-mapping-affect-you |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> By doing this, we are able to create a safer and more welcoming community to live in.
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As much as web mapping has helped simplify our lives, there are also negative social consequences to the use of web mapping. There have been concerns raised about the privacy of personal information while using web mapping. It allows government agencies to create massive databases on individuals and their behaviors while the private sector keeps records of personal information.<ref name=":1"/> This issue continues to be challenged and negotiated as web mapping has become more relevant. As the use of web mapping has increased, so has the amount of distractions while driving.<ref name=":2"/> Drivers can alter their focus away from the road to their device very easily, which could result in a multitude of negative social consequences and safety concerns.
While there are many benefits to web mapping allowing anyone to access, create, and distribute maps, many have raised ethical concerns.<ref name="Peterson2">{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Michael P. |title=Maps on Stone: The Web and Ethics in Cartography |journal=Cartographic Perspectives |date=1999 |volume=34 |url=https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp34-peterson/pdf |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mooney_Juhász_202007">{{cite journal |last1=Mooney |first1=Peter |last2=Juhász |first2=Levente |title=Mapping COVID-19: How web-based maps contribute to the infodemic |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |date=July 2020 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=265–270 |doi=10.1177/2043820620934926 |s2cid=220415906 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The web facilitates the spread of misinformation, and people without strong understanding of cartography can publish seemingly authoritative products that may mislead the public.<ref name="Peterson2" /><ref name="Mooney_Juhász_202007" /><ref name="Adams2">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron M. |last2=Chen |first2=Xiang |last3=Li |first3=Weidong |last4=Chuanrong |first4=Zhang |title=Normalizing the pandemic: exploring thecartographic issues in state government COVID-19 dashboards |journal=Journal of Maps |date=27 July 2023 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/17445647.2023.2235385|s2cid=260269080 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023JMaps..19Q...1A }}</ref> This saw significant attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the prevalence of improper maps on dashboards contributed to the [[infodemic]].<ref name="Mooney_Juhász_202007" /><ref name="Adams2" /><ref name=Everts1>{{cite journal |last1=Everts |first1=Jonathan |title=The dashboard pandemic |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |year=2020 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=260–264 |doi=10.1177/2043820620935355 |s2cid=220418162 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Web maps require the internet to host, so they are subject to [[link rot]], making information inaccessible.<ref name="Adams2" /> Unlike physical maps, this can have major impacts on the historical record if the web map is the only source for the data it presents.
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Retrieved 28 Dec. 2023.</ref>
==
Web mapping allows you to choose a route of travel with provided directions and real time traffic and road condition updates.<ref name=":4"/> Of course, this is only possible with an internet connection. Populations that are associated with lower incomes may not have access to a mobile device with internet as they may not be able to afford it, limiting them of this resource.
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* [[List of online map services]]
* [[Neogeography]]
* [[Geobrowsing]]
* [[Geoweb]]
* [[PPGIS|Public Participation GIS (PPGIS)]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Web Mapping}}
[[Category:Web mapping| ]]
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