Generalized hypergeometric function: Difference between revisions

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:<math>\begin{align}

(a)_0 &= 1, \\

(a)_n &= a(a+1)(a+2) \cdots (a+n-1) = \frac{\Gamma(a+n)}{\Gamma(a)}, && n \geq 1,

\end{align}</math>

where <math>\Gamma(x)</math> represents the [[Gamma function|gamma function]], this can be written

this can be written

:<math>\,{}_pF_q(a_1,\ldots,a_p;b_1,\ldots,b_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(b_1)_n\cdots(b_q)_n} \, \frac {z^n} {n!} = \frac{\Gamma(b_1)\cdots \Gamma(b_q)}{\Gamma(a_1)\cdots \Gamma(a_p)} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\Gamma(n+a_1)\cdots \Gamma(n+a_p)}{\Gamma(n+b_1)\cdots \Gamma(n+b_q)} \frac{z^n}{n!}.</math>

(Note that this use of the Pochhammer symbol is not standard; however it is the standard usage in this context.)

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It is immediate from the definition that the order of the parameters ''a_j'', or the order of the parameters ''b_k'' can be changed without changing the value of the function. Also, if any of the parameters ''a_j'' is equal to any of the parameters ''b_k'', then the matching parameters can be "cancelled out", with certain exceptions when the parameters are non-positive integers. For example,

:<math>\,{}_2F_1(3,1;1;z) = \,{}_2F_1(1,3;1;z) = \,{}_1F_0(3;;z)</math>.

This cancelling is a special case of a reduction formula that may be applied whenever a parameter on the top row differs from one on the bottom row by a non-negative integer.<ref>{{cite book|firstfirst1=A. P.|last1=Prudnikov|first2=Yu. A.|last2=Brychkov|first3=O. I.|last3=Marichev|title=Integrals & Series Volume 3: More Special Functions|publisher=Gordon and Breach|year=1990|pages=439}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Per W. |last1=Karlsson|title = Hypergeometric functions with integral parameter differences|year=1970 | journal=J. Math. Phys.|volume=12|number=2|doi=10.1063/1.1665587|pages=270-271270–271|url=https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/3645014/Per.pdf }}</ref>

:<math>

{}_{A+1}F_{B+1}\left[

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:<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;b_1,\dots,b_q;z).</math>

Since the space has dimension 2, any three of these ''p''+''q''+2 functions are linearly dependent:

<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J. E. |last1=Gottschalk|first2=E. N.|last2=Maslen|title=Reduction formulae for generalised hypergeometric functions of one variable| journal=J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.|volume=21|pages=1983--19981983–1998|year=1988|issue=9 |doi=10.1088/0305-4470/21/9/015|bibcode=1988JPhA...21.1983G }}</ref><ref>

{{cite journal|first1=D. |last1=Rainville|title=The contiguous function relations for pFq with application to Bateman's J and Rice's H| journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|volume=51|number=10|pages=714--723714–723|year=1945|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1945-08425-0|doi-access=free}}</ref>

:<math>

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=

a_i\,{}_pF_q(...a_i+1..a_j..;......;z)

-a_j\,{}_pF_q(...a_i..a_j+1...;....;z).

</math>

:<math>

b_j\,{}_pF_q(...a_i....;..b_j...;z)

=

a_i\,{}_pF_q(...a_i+1....;..b_j+1...;z)

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=

(a_i-a_j-1){}_pF_q(...a_i-1..a_j;...;z)

+a_j\,{}_pF_q(...a_i-1..a_j+1;...;z)

.

</math>

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is called '''contiguous''' to

:<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;b_1,\dots,b_q;z).</math>

Using the technique outlined above, an identity relating <math>{}_0F_1(;a;z)</math> and its two contiguous functions can be given, six identities relating <math>{}_1F_1(a;b;z)</math> and any two of its four contiguous functions, and fifteen identities relating <math>{}_2F_1(a,b;c;z)</math> and any two of its six contiguous functions have been found. (The first one was derived in the previous paragraph. The last fifteen were given by {{Harvard citation|Gauss in his 1812 paper|1813}}.)

==Identities==

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===Saalschütz's theorem===

Saalschütz's theorem<ref>See {{harv|Slater|1966|loc=Section&nbsp;2.3.1}} or {{harv|Bailey|1935|loc=Section&nbsp;2.2}} for a proof, or the [[proofwiki:Pfaff-Saalschütz_Theorem|ProofWiki]].</ref> {{harv|Saalschütz|1890}} is

:<math>{}_3F_2 (a,b, -n;c, 1+a+b-c-n;1)= \frac{(c-a)_n(c-b)_n}{(c)_n(c-a-b)_n}.</math>

For extension of this theorem, see a research paper by Rakha & Rathie. According to {{Harvard citation|Andrews|Askey|Roy|1999|p=69}}, it was in fact first discovered by [[Johann Friedrich Pfaff|Pfaff]] in 1797.<ref>Pfaff, J. F. [1797]. Observations analyticae ad L. Euleri Institutiones Calculi Integralis.  Vol. IV, Supplem. II et IV, Historie de 1793, Nova Acata Acad. Scie. Petropolitanae.  XI, 38-57. (Note: The history section is paged separately from the scientific section  of this journal.) </ref>

For extension of this theorem, see a research paper by Rakha & Rathie.

===Dixon's identity===

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Terminating means that ''m'' is a non-negative integer and 2-balanced means that

:<math>1+2a=b+c+d+e-m.</math>

Many of the other formulas for special values of hypergeometric functions can be derived from this as special or limiting cases. It is also called the Dougall-Ramanujan identity. It is a special case of Jackson's identity, and it gives Dixon's identity and Saalschütz's theorem as special cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Dougall-Ramanujan Identity |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Dougall-RamanujanIdentity.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Generalization of Kummer's transformations and identities for ₂''F''₂===

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:<math>\int_0^x\sqrt{1+y^\alpha}\,\mathrm{d}y=\frac{x}{2+\alpha}\left \{\alpha\;{}_2F_1\left(\tfrac{1}{\alpha},\tfrac{1}{2};1+\tfrac{1}{\alpha};-x^\alpha \right) +2\sqrt{x^\alpha+1} \right \},\qquad \alpha\neq0.</math>

===The series ₂''F''₂===

The hypergeometric series <math>{}_2F_2</math> is generally associated with integrals of products of power functions and the exponential function. As such, the [[Exponential integral|exponential integral]] can be written as:

:<math>\operatorname{Ei}(x)=x{}_2F_2(1,1;2,2;x)+\ln x+\gamma.</math>

===The series ₃''F''₀===

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}}

</ref>

::<math>\operatorname{BR}(ta) = -a \; {}_4F_3\left( \frac{1}{5}, \frac{2}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{4}{5} ; \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{5}{4} ; \frac{3125a^4}{256} \right).</math>

The partition function <math>Z(K)</math> of the 2D isotropic [[Square lattice Ising model|Ising model]] with no external magnetic field was found by [[Lars Onsager|Onsager]] in the 1940s and can be expressed as<ref name="Ising">

{{cite journal

| last = Viswanathan | first = G. M.

| year = 2014

| title = The hypergeometric series for the partition function of the 2-D Ising model

| journal = Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment

| volume = 2015

| issue = 7

| page = 07004

| doi = 10.1088/1742-5468/2015/07/P07004

| arxiv = 1411.2495

| bibcode = 2015JSMTE..07..004V

}}

</ref>

::<math>\ln Z(K) = \ln(2 \cosh 2K) -k^2 {}_4F_3\left( 1, 1, \frac{3}{2}, \frac{3}{2} ; 2, 2, 2; 16k^2 \right),</math>

with <math>K=\frac{J}{k_\mathrm{B}T}</math> and <math>k=\frac{1}{2}\tanh 2K\,\operatorname{sech} 2K</math>.

===The series _q+1''F''_q===

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*{{Cite book | last1=Erdélyi | first1=Arthur | last2=Magnus | first2=Wilhelm | author2-link=Wilhelm Magnus | last3=Oberhettinger | first3=Fritz | last4=Tricomi | first4=Francesco G. | title=Higher transcendental functions. Vol. III | publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York-Toronto-London | mr=0066496 | year=1955}}

* {{cite book | last1= Gasper | first1= George | last2= Rahman | first2= Mizan | author-link2= Mizan Rahman | title= Basic Hypergeometric Series | edition= 2nd | year= 2004 | series= Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications | volume= 96 | publisher= Cambridge University Press | ___location= Cambridge, UK | mr= 2128719 | zbl= 1129.33005 | isbn= 978-0-521-83357-8 }} (the first edition has {{isbn|0-521-35049-2}})

* {{cite journal | last= Gauss | first= Carl Friedrich | author-link= Carl Friedrich Gauss | title= Disquisitiones generales circa seriam infinitam &nbsp; <math> 1 + \tfrac {\alpha \beta} {1 \cdot \gamma} ~x + \tfrac {\alpha (\alpha+1) \beta (\beta+1)} {1 \cdot 2 \cdot \gamma (\gamma+1)} ~x~x + \mbox{etc.} </math> | language= la | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uDMAAAAAQAAJ | journal= Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientarum Gottingensis Recentiores | ___location= Göttingen | year= 1813 | volume= 2 }} (a reprint of this paper can be found in [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uDMAAAAAQAAJ ''Carl Friedrich Gauss, Werke''], p.&nbsp;125) (a translation is available [[wikisource:Translation:Disquisitiones_generales_circa_seriem_infinitam_...|on Wikisource]])

*{{Citation | last1=Grinshpan | first1=A. Z. | title=Generalized hypergeometric functions: product identities and weighted norm inequalities | doi=10.1007/s11139-013-9487-x | year=2013 |

journal=The Ramanujan Journal | volume=31 | issue=1–2 | pages=53–66 | s2cid=121054930 }}

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* {{cite journal|last1=Quigley |first1=J.|last2=Wilson |first2=K.J. |last3=Walls |first3=L.

|last4=Bedford|first4=T. |title=A Bayes linear Bayes Method for Estimation of Correlated Event Rates

|journal=Risk Analysis |volume=33|issue=12|pages=2209–2224|year=2013|doi=10.1111/risa.12035|pmid=23551053|bibcode=2013RiskA..33.2209Q |s2cid=24476762 |url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/43403/1/EventRatesRA.pdf}}

* {{cite journal | last1= Rathie | first1= Arjun K. | last2= Pogány | first2= Tibor K. | title= New summation formula for ₃''F''₂(1/2) and a Kummer-type II transformation of ₂''F''₂(''x'') | journal = Mathematical Communications | volume= 13 | year= 2008 | pages= 63–66 | url= http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/37118 | mr= 2422088 | zbl= 1146.33002 }}

* {{cite journal|last1=Rakha |first1=M.A.|last2=Rathie |first2=Arjun K.|title=Extensions of Euler's type- II transformation and Saalschutz's theorem |journal=Bull. Korean Math. Soc.|volume=48 |number=1|pages=151–156|year=2011 |doi=10.4134/bkms.2011.48.1.151|doi-access=free}}

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[[Category:Hypergeometric functions|*]]

[[Category:Ordinary differential equations]]

[[Category:MathematicalSeries series(mathematics)]]