Series and parallel circuits: Difference between revisions

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A common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is in batteries, where several cells connected in series are used to obtain a convenient operating voltage. Two disposable zinc cells in series might power a flashlight or remote control at 3 volts; the battery pack for a hand-held power tool might contain a dozen lithium-ion cells wired in series to provide 48 volts.
 
Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in [[electric multiple units]] trains. For example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in series (total 560 volts) plus a [[resistor]] to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for train lighting were superseded, first by [[motor-generatormotor–generator]]s, then by [[Solid solid-state (electronics)|solid -state]] devices.
 
Series resistance can also be applied to the arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ. Each organ is supplied by a large artery, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins arranged in series. The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, as expressed by the following equation: {{math|1=''R''<sub>total</sub> = ''R''<sub>artery</sub> + ''R''<sub>arterioles</sub> + ''R''<sub>capillaries</sub>}}. The largest proportion of resistance in this series is contributed by the arterioles.<ref name="BRS"/>