Content deleted Content added
Reverted 1 edit by 2A00:23C6:7E57:6301:C96:7E4F:7C08:C7F1 (talk): Restore blanked content |
Absolutiva (talk | contribs) |
||
| (11 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
Line 18:
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006}}
| current_status = Active
| founder = [[Aaron Swartz]], [[Brewster Kahle]], Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and
| revenue = Donation
}}
'''Open Library''' is an online project intended to create "one [[web page]] for every book ever published". Created by [[Aaron Swartz]],<ref name="BBC2007"/><ref name="Guardian2009"/> [[Brewster Kahle]],<ref>{{cite web|title = Aaron Swartz: howtoget |url = https://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget |publisher = Aaronsw.jottit.com|access-date = 2015-06-05|url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150523080104/http://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget| archive-date = 2015-05-23}}</ref> Alexis Rossi,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| url=https://openlibrary.org/about/people.en|title=The Open Library Team |publisher=Open Library |language=en|access-date=2018-07-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717013214/https://openlibrary.org/about/people.en|archive-date=2018-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Anand Chitipothu,<ref name=":0" /> and
==Book database and digital lending library==
Line 32:
* editions (which are different publications of the corresponding works)
Open Library claims to have over 20 million records in its database.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/about |title=About Us |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627092210/https://openlibrary.org/about |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> Copies of the contents of tens of thousands of modern books have been made available from 150 libraries and publishers for [[ebook]] [[controlled digital lending]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/post/349420/in-library-ebook-lending-program-launched |title=Internet Archive Forums: In-Library eBook Lending Program Launched |date=2011-02-22 |access-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717121618/https://archive.org/post/349420/in-library-ebook-lending-program-launched |archive-date=2015-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other books including in-print and in-copyright books have been scanned from copies in library collections, library discards, and donations, and are also available for lending in digital form.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) |date=13 February 2019 |url=https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/faq/ |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200330193826/https://nwu.org/book%2Ddivision/cdl/faq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In total, the Open Library offers copies of over 1.4 million books for what it calls "digital lending", but critics have called distribution of digital copies a violation of copyright law.
==History==
Line 48:
The Open Library has justified its ability to offer full contents of books in digital formats as part of the [[first-sale doctrine]] and [[fair use]] law.<ref>{{cite report | url = https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper#_Toc524383330 | title = A White Paper on Controlled Digital Lending of Library Books | first1 = David R. | last1 = Hansen | first2 = Kyle K. | last2 = Courtney | date = 2018 | publisher = Controlled Digital Lendings by Libraries | access-date = 2020-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190802221324/https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper#_Toc524383330 | archive-date = 2019-08-02 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="vox open library">{{cite web | url = https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic | title = Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library | first = Constance | last = Grady | date = 2020-04-02 | access-date = 2020-04-02 | work = [[Vox (website)|Vox]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404010247/https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic | archive-date = 2020-04-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Open Library owns a physical copy of each book that they have made available, and thus argue that the lending out of one digital scan of the book in a controlled manner falls within the first-sale doctrine, a practice known as [[Controlled Digital Lending|controlled digital lending]] and in use by multiple public and academic libraries.<ref name="vox open library"/>
Since its launch, the Open Library has been accused of mass copyright violation by numerous groups,<ref name="vox open library"/> including the American [[Authors Guild]],<ref name=jotformeu-usa>{{Cite web |author=The Authors Guild |author-link=Authors Guild |title=Open Letter to Internet Archive and Other Proponents of 'Controlled Digital Lending' |url=https://form.jotform.com/90035152846151 |publisher=[[JotForm]] |access-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728030522/https://form.jotform.com/90035152846151 |archive-date=2019-07-28 |url-status=
=== ''Hachette v. Internet Archive'' ===
{{Main|Hachette v. Internet Archive{{!}}''Hachette v. Internet Archive''}}
The Open Library further came under criticism from several authors and publishers groups when it created the [[Internet Archive#National Emergency Library|National Emergency Library]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020. Under these circumstances, the National Emergency Library removed the waitlists of all books in its Open Library collection and allowed any number of digital copies of a book to be downloaded as an encrypted file that would be unusable after two weeks, asserting that this unlimited borrowing was a reasonable exception under the national emergency to allow educational functions to continue since physical libraries and bookstores were forced to be shuttered.<ref name="vox open library"/> The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, the National Writers Union, and others argued that this allowed unlimited copyright infringement and denied revenues from distribution of authorized digital copies of books to authors who also needed relief during the COVID-19 national emergency.<ref name="vox open library"/> Though the Open Library asserted that the copies of entire books in e-book format were still encrypted and the unlimited borrowing was for educational purposes, the National Writers Union asserted that images of each page of each book could still be accessed on the Web without encryption or other controls.<ref name="National Writers Union"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=Internet Archive removes controls on "lending" of bootleg e-books |date=24 March 2020 |url=https://nwu.org/internet-archive-removes-controls-on-lending-of-bootleg-e-books/ |publisher=National Writers Union |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
Four major publishers—[[Hachette Book Group|Hachette]], [[Penguin Random House]], [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]], and [[HarperCollins]], all members of the [[Association of American Publishers]]—filed a lawsuit in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern New York Federal District Court]] against the Internet Archive in June 2020, asserting the Open Library project violated numerous copyrights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publishers Are Taking the Internet to Court|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/publishers-are-taking-the-internet-to-court/|date=2020-09-10|first=Maria|last=Bustillos|work=The Nation|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160450/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/publishers-are-taking-the-internet-to-court/|url-status=live}}</ref> In their suit, the publishers claimed "Without any license or any payment to authors or publishers, [the Internet Archive] scans print books, uploads these illegally scanned books to its servers, and distributes verbatim digital copies of the books in whole via public-facing websites. With just a few clicks, any Internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from [the] defendant."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | title = Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending | first = Russell | last = Brandom | date = 2020-06-01 | access-date = 2020-06-01 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-date = 2020-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200601185706/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | url-status = live }}</ref> The publishers were represented by the law firms [[Davis Wright Tremaine]] and [[Oppenheim + Zebrak]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Publishers File Suit Against Internet Archive for Systematic Mass Scanning and Distribution of Literary Works |url=https://publishers.org/news/publishers-file-suit-against-internet-archive-for-systematic-mass-scanning-and-distribution-of-literary-works/ |work=AAP |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-05 |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605233623/https://publishers.org/news/publishers-file-suit-against-internet-archive-for-systematic-mass-scanning-and-distribution-of-literary-works/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Internet Archive ended the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, instead of the intended June 30 date, and requested the publishers to "call off their costly assault".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | title = Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers | first = Timothy | last = Lee | date = 2020-06-11 | access-date = 2020-06-14 | work = [[Ars Technica]] | archive-date = 2020-06-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074641/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In July 2022, both parties filed requests for [[summary judgement]]. A first hearing was held on March 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Albanese |first=Andrew |date=February 21, 2023 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/91587-oral-argument-set-in-internet-archive-copyright-case.html |title=Oral Argument Set in Internet Archive Copyright Case |website=Publishers Weekly |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318104026/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/91587-oral-argument-set-in-internet-archive-copyright-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A summary judgement was issued March 24, 2023, in favor of the plaintiffs. In its ruling the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] determined that the [[Internet Archive]] committed [[copyright infringement]] by scanning and distributing copies of books online. Stemming from the creation of the [[National Emergency Library]] (NEL) during the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], publishing company [[Hachette Book Group]] alleged that the Open Library and the National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement.
On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against Internet Archive, who appealed the decision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jay Peters |first1=Sean Hollister |title=The Internet Archive has lost its first fight to scan and lend e-books like a library |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23655804/internet-archive-hatchette-publisher-ebook-library-lawsuit |access-date=5 August 2023 |publisher=The Verge |date=24 March 2023}}</ref> This appeal was later denied by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988.306.1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904150317/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988.306.1.pdf | archive-date=2024-09-04}}</ref>
==See also==
| |||