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{{Short description|Online project for book data of the Internet Archive}}
{{Short description|Online project for book data of the Internet Archive}}'''Open Library''' is an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud, Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization. It has been funded in part by grants from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. <!-- PLEASE DO NOT LINK [[Kahle/Austin Foundation]] because that page is a redirect to already-linked [[Brewster Kahle]]--> Open Library provides online digital copies in multiple formats, created from images of many public ___domain, out-of-print, and in-print books.▼
{{Infobox website
| name = Open Library
| logo = Open Library logo.svg
| screenshot = OpenLibrarypage.jpg
| screenshot_size = 200px
| collapsible = C
| caption = Open Library homepage in September 2011
| url = {{URL|https://openlibrary.org/}}
| commercial = No
| type = Digital library index
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| registration = Free
| license = {{Plain list|
* Data: public ___domain<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using Open Library Data § Who owns the Open Library catalog?|url=https://openlibrary.org/help/faq/using?v=8#ownership|date=2013-10-10|author1=Bookfinch|first2=Anand|last2=Chitipothu|first3=George|last3=Oates|first4=Jessamyn|last4=West|access-date=2021-04-06|archive-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411005734/https://openlibrary.org/help/faq/using?v=8#ownership|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Source code: [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPLv3]]<ref name=gitlic/>
}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006}}
| current_status = Active
| founder = [[Aaron Swartz]], [[Brewster Kahle]], Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud
| revenue = Donation
}}
▲
==Book database and digital lending library==
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==History==
Open Library began in 2006 with [[Aaron Swartz]] as the original engineer and leader of the Open Library's technical team.<ref name="BBC2007">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6924022.stm | access-date=2010-07-06 | title=A library bigger than any building | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=2007-07-31 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127185623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6924022.stm | archive-date=2009-11-27 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian2009">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books | access-date=2010-07-06 | title=Why you can't find a library book in your search engine | newspaper=The Guardian | date=2009-01-22 | ___location=London | first=Wendy M | last=Grossman | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010642/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books | archive-date=2014-01-14 }}</ref> The project was led by [[George Oates]] from April 2009 to December 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/people/george08 |title=George |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222055108/https://openlibrary.org/people/george08 |archive-date=2017-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oates was responsible for a complete site redesign during her tenure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Oates |first=George |url=http://blog.openlibrary.org/2010/03/17/announcing-the-open-library-redesign/ |title=Announcing the Open Library redesign « The Open Library Blog |publisher=Blog.openlibrary.org |date=2010-03-17 |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627185859/http://blog.openlibrary.org/2010/03/17/announcing-the-open-library-redesign/ |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> In 2015, the project was continued by Giovanni Damiola<ref name=":0"
The site was redesigned and relaunched in May 2010. Its codebase is on [[GitHub]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary/|title=internetarchive/openlibrary · GitHub|publisher=GitHub.com|access-date=2015-06-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810081247/https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary|archive-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> The site uses Infobase, its own database framework based on [[PostgreSQL]], and Infogami, its own [[Wiki software|Wiki engine]] written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/about/tech |title=About the Technology |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627065429/https://openlibrary.org/about/tech |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> The source code to the site is published under the [[GNU Affero General Public License]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/developers/licensing |title=Developers / Licensing |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627074555/https://openlibrary.org/developers/licensing |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref><ref name=gitlic>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary/blob/master/LICENSE|title=openlibrary/LICENSE at master · internetarchive/openlibrary · GitHub|publisher=GitHub.com|access-date=2015-06-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122093343/https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary/blob/master/LICENSE|archive-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>
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=== ''Hachette v. Internet Archive'' ===
{{Main|Hachette v. Internet Archive{{!}}''Hachette v. Internet Archive''}}
The Open Library further came under criticism from several authors and publishers groups when it created the [[Internet Archive#National Emergency Library|National Emergency Library]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020. Under these circumstances, the National Emergency Library removed the waitlists of all books in its Open Library collection and allowed any number of digital copies of a book to be downloaded as an encrypted file that would be unusable after two weeks, asserting that this unlimited borrowing was a reasonable exception under the national emergency to allow educational functions to continue since physical libraries and bookstores were forced to be shuttered.<ref name="vox open library"/> The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, the National Writers Union, and others argued that this allowed unlimited copyright infringement and denied revenues from distribution of authorized digital copies of books to authors who also needed relief during the COVID-19 national emergency.<ref name="vox open library"/> Though the Open Library asserted that the copies of entire books in e-book format were still encrypted and the unlimited borrowing was for educational purposes, the National Writers Union asserted that images of each page of each book could still be accessed on the Web without encryption or other controls.<ref name="National Writers Union"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=Internet Archive removes controls on "lending" of bootleg e-books |date=24 March 2020 |url=https://nwu.org/internet-archive-removes-controls-on-lending-of-bootleg-e-books/ |publisher=National Writers Union |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
Four major publishers—[[Hachette Book Group|Hachette]], [[Penguin Random House]], [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]], and [[HarperCollins]], all members of the [[Association of American Publishers]]—filed a lawsuit in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern New York Federal District Court]] against the Internet Archive in June 2020, asserting the Open Library project violated numerous copyrights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publishers Are Taking the Internet to Court|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/publishers-are-taking-the-internet-to-court/|date=2020-09-10|first=Maria|last=Bustillos|work=The Nation|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160450/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/publishers-are-taking-the-internet-to-court/|url-status=live}}</ref> In their suit, the publishers claimed "Without any license or any payment to authors or publishers, [the Internet Archive] scans print books, uploads these illegally scanned books to its servers, and distributes verbatim digital copies of the books in whole via public-facing websites. With just a few clicks, any Internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from [the] defendant."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | title = Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending | first = Russell | last = Brandom | date = 2020-06-01 | access-date = 2020-06-01 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-date = 2020-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200601185706/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | url-status = live }}</ref> The publishers were represented by the law firms [[Davis Wright Tremaine]] and [[Oppenheim + Zebrak]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Publishers File Suit Against Internet Archive for Systematic Mass Scanning and Distribution of Literary Works |url=https://publishers.org/news/publishers-file-suit-against-internet-archive-for-systematic-mass-scanning-and-distribution-of-literary-works/ |work=AAP |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-05 |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605233623/https://publishers.org/news/publishers-file-suit-against-internet-archive-for-systematic-mass-scanning-and-distribution-of-literary-works/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Internet Archive ended the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, instead of the intended June 30 date, and requested the publishers to "call off their costly assault".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | title = Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers | first = Timothy | last = Lee | date = 2020-06-11 | access-date = 2020-06-14 | work = [[Ars Technica]] | archive-date = 2020-06-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074641/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In July 2022, both parties filed requests for [[summary judgement]]. A first hearing was held on March 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Albanese |first=Andrew |date=February 21, 2023 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/91587-oral-argument-set-in-internet-archive-copyright-case.html |title=Oral Argument Set in Internet Archive Copyright Case |website=Publishers Weekly |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318104026/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/91587-oral-argument-set-in-internet-archive-copyright-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A summary judgement was issued March 24, 2023, in favor of the plaintiffs. In its ruling the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] determined that the [[Internet Archive]] committed [[copyright infringement]] by scanning and distributing copies of books online. Stemming from the creation of the [[National Emergency Library]] (NEL) during the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], publishing company [[Hachette Book Group]] alleged that the Open Library and the National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement.
On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against Internet Archive, who appealed the decision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jay Peters |first1=Sean Hollister |title=The Internet Archive has lost its first fight to scan and lend e-books like a library |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23655804/internet-archive-hatchette-publisher-ebook-library-lawsuit |access-date=5 August 2023 |publisher=The Verge |date=24 March 2023}}</ref> This appeal was later denied by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988.306.1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904150317/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988.306.1.pdf | archive-date=2024-09-04}}</ref>
==See also==
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