Ball grid array: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:01, 12 September 2019

Latest revision as of 02:32, 2 August 2025

(48 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{short description|Surface-mount packaging that uses an array of solder balls}}

{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}

[[Image:Solder_ball_grid.jpg|thumb|300px|A grid array of solder balls on a printed circuit board after removal of an integrated circuit chip.]]

[[File:Bga und via IMGP4531 wp.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Cross-cut section of BGA mounted circuit]]

A '''ball grid array''' ('''BGA''') is a type of [[surface-mount]] packaging (a [[chip carrier]]) used for [[integrated circuit]]s. BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as [[microprocessor]]s. A BGA can provide more interconnection pins than can be put on a [[Dual in-line package|dual in-line]] or [[Quad Flat Package|flat package]]. The whole bottom surface of the device can be used, instead of just the perimeter. The traces connecting the package's leads to the wires or balls which connect the die to package are also on average shorter than with a perimeter-only type, leading to better performance at high speeds.{{cn|date=January 2020}}

Soldering of BGA devices requires precise control and is usually done by automated processes such as in computer-controlled automatic [[reflow oven]]s.

A '''ball grid array''' ('''BGA''') is a type of [[surface-mount]] packaging (a [[chip carrier]]) used for [[integrated circuit]]s. BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as [[microprocessor]]s. A BGA can provide more interconnection pins than can be put on a [[Dual in-line package|dual in-line]] or [[Quad Flat Package|flat package]]. The whole bottom surface of the device can be used, instead of just the perimeter. The traces connecting the package's leads to the wires or balls which connect the die to package are also on average shorter than with a perimeter-only type, leading to better performance at high speeds.

Soldering of BGA devices requires precise control and is usually done by automated processes.

== Description ==

[[Image:BGA RAM.jpg|thumb|300px|BGA [[Integrated circuit|ICs]] assembled on a [[Random access memory|RAMMemory module]] stick]]

The BGA is descended from the [[pin grid array]] (PGA), which is a package with one face covered (or partly covered) with pins in a [[grid pattern]] which, in operation, conduct electrical signals between the integrated circuit and the [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) on which it is placed. In a BGA, the pins are replaced by pads on the bottom of the package, each initially with a tiny [[solder ball]] stuck to it. These solder spheres can be placed manually or by automated equipment, and are held in place with a tacky flux.<ref name=indiumcorporation>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.indium.com/_dynamo/download.php?docid=323 |title=Soldering 101 - A Basic Overview] |access-date=2010-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303025834/http://www.indium.com/_dynamo/download.php?docid=323 |archive-date=2012-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[SMT placement equipment|device is placed]] on a PCB with copper pads in a pattern that matches the solder balls. The assembly is then heated, either in a [[reflow oven]] or by an [[infrared heater]], melting the balls. [[Surface tension]] causes the molten solder to hold the package in alignment with the circuit board, at the correct separation distance, while the solder cools and solidifies, forming soldered connections between the device and the PCB.

In more advanced technologies, solder balls may be used on both the PCB and the package. Also, in stacked [[multi-chip module]]s, solder balls are used to connect two packages in a "[[package on package]]" configuration.

== Advantages ==

=== High density ===

The BGA is a solution toadresses the problem of producing a miniature package for an integrated circuit with many hundreds of pins. Pin grid arrays and dual-in-line surface mount ([[Small-outline integrated circuit|SOIC]]) packages were being produced with more and more pins, and with decreasing spacing between the pins, but this was causing difficulties for the soldering process. As package pins got closer together, the danger of accidentally [[Solder bridging|bridging]] adjacent pins with solder grew.

=== Heat conduction ===

A further advantage of BGA packages over packages with discrete leads (i.e. packages with legs) is the lower [[thermal resistance]] between the package and the PCB. This allows heat generated by the integrated circuit inside the package to flow more easily to the PCB, preventing the chip from overheating.

=== Low-inductance leads ===

The shorter an electrical conductor, the lower its unwanted [[inductance]], a property which causes unwanted distortion of signals in high-speed electronic circuits. BGAs, with their very short distance between the package and the PCB, have low lead inductances, giving them superior electrical performance toover pinned devices.

== Disadvantages ==

[[Image:BGA joint xray.jpg|thumb|120px|[[X-ray]] of BGA]]

=== NoncompliantLack connectionsof compliance===

A disadvantage of BGAs is that the solder balls cannot flex in the way that longer leads can, so they are not mechanically [[stiffness#Compliance|compliant]]. As with all surface mount devices, bending due to a difference in [[Thermal expansion|coefficient of thermal expansion]] between PCB substrate and BGA (thermal stress) or flexing and vibration (mechanical stress) can cause the solder joints to fracture.

Thermal expansion issues can be overcome by matching the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the PCB to those of the package. Typically, plastic BGA devices more closely match PCB thermal characteristics than ceramic devices.

The predominant use of [[RoHS compliant]] lead-free solder alloy assemblies has presented some further challenges to BGAs including "[[Head in pillow (metallurgy)|head in pillow]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Reducing Head in Pillow Defects - Head in pillow defects: causes and potential solutions |author=Alpha |date=2010-03-15 |orig-year=September 2009 |version=3 |url=http://www.slideshare.net/Alpha1Cookson/head-on-pillow-v3-sept-09 |access-date=2018-06-18 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002809/http://www.slideshare.net/Alpha1Cookson/head-on-pillow-v3-sept-09 |archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> soldering phenomenon, "[[pad cratering]]" problems as well as their decreased reliability versus lead-based solder BGAs in extreme operating conditions such as high temperature, high thermal shock and high gravitational force environments, in part due to lower [[ductility]] of RoHS-compliant solders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teerm.nasa.gov/NASA_DODLeadFreeElectronics_Proj2.htm |title=TEERM - TEERM Active Project - NASA-DOD Lead-Free Electronics (Project 2) |publisher=Teerm.nasa.gov |access-date= |accessdate=2014-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008003914/http://teerm.nasa.gov/nasa_dodleadfreeelectronics_proj2.htm |archive-date=2014-10-08 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

Mechanical stress issues can be overcome by bonding the devices to the board through a process called "underfilling",<ref name=underfill>[https://archive.today/20130719180947/http://www.electroiq.com/articles/ap/print/volume-10/issue-12/features/bga-underfills.html Solid State Technology: BGA underfills - Increasing board-level solder joint reliability, 12/01/2001]</ref> which injects an epoxy mixture under the device after it is soldered to the PCB, effectively gluing the BGA device to the PCB. There are several types of underfill materials in use with differing properties relative to workability and thermal transfer. An additional advantage of underfill is that it limits [[Whisker (metallurgy)|tin whisker]] growth.

Another solution to non-compliant connections is to put a "compliant layer" in the package that allows the balls to physically move in relation to the package. This technique has become standard for packaging DRAMs in BGA packages.

Other techniques for increasing the board-level reliability of packages include use of low-expansion PCBs for ceramic BGA (CBGA) packages, interposers[[interposer]]s between the package and PCB, and re-packaging a device.<ref name=underfill/>

===Difficulty of inspection===

Once the package is soldered into place, it is difficult to find soldering faults. [[X-ray]] machines, [[industrial CT scanning]] machines,<ref>"CT Services - Overview." Jesse Garant & Associates. August 17, 2010. {{cite web|url=http://www.jgarantmc.com/ct-services.html |title=ArchivedIndustrial copyComputed Tomography Scanning Services – JG&A |accessdateaccess-date=2010-11-24 |url-status = dead|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923150138/http://www.jgarantmc.com/ct-services.html |archivedatearchive-date=2010-09-23 }}</ref> special microscopes, and endoscopes to look underneath the soldered package have been developed to overcome this problem. If a BGA is found to be badly soldered, it can be removed in a ''[[rework station]]'', which is a jig fitted with infrared lamp (or hot air), a [[thermocouple]] and a vacuum device for lifting the package. The BGA can be replaced with a new one, or it can be refurbished (or ''reballed'') and re-installed on the circuit board. Pre-configured solder balls matching the array pattern can be used to reball BGAs when only one or a few need to be reworked. For higher volume and repeated lab work, a stencil-configured vacuum-head pick-up and placement of loose spheres can be used.

Due to the cost of visual X-ray BGA inspection, electrical testing is very often used instead. Very common is [[boundary scan]] testing using an IEEE 1149.1 [[JTAG]] port.

A cheaper and easier inspection method, albeit destructive, is becoming increasingly popular because it does not require special equipment. Commonly referred to as [[Dye-and-Pry|dye and pry]], the process includes immersing the entire PCB or just the BGA attached module into a [[dye]], and after drying, the module is pried off and the broken joins are inspected. If a solder ___location contains the dye, then it indicates that the connection was imperfect.<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.cascade-eng.com/CESResourceLibdocs/CS_FA_01.pdf

| title = Dye and Pry of BGA Solder Joints

| date = 2013-11-22

| accessdateaccess-date = 2014-03-22

| publisher = cascade-eng.com

| format = PDF

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111016215109/http://www.cascade-eng.com/CESResourceLib/CS_FA_01.pdf

| archive-date = 2011-10-16

Line 63:

=== Cost of equipment ===

Expensive equipment is required to reliably solder BGA packages; hand-soldering BGA packages is very difficult and unreliable, usable only for the smallest packages in the smallest quantities.<ref>{{Citationcite news |last=Das |first=Santosh |url=http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/bga-ball-grid-array-repairing-and-soldering-bga.html |title=BGA Soldering & Repairing / How to Solder Ball Grid Array |work=Electronics and You needed|date=July2019-08-22 |accessdate=2021-09-07 2013}}</ref> However, as more ICs have become available only in leadless (e.g. [[quad-flat no-leads package]]) or BGA packages, various DIY [[Rework (electronics)#Reflowing and reballing|reflow]] methods have been developed using inexpensive heat sources such as [[heat gun]]s, and domestic [[Toaster#Toaster oven|toaster ovens]] and [[Frying pan#Electric|electric skillets]].<ref>[https://www.sparkfun.com/tutorials/59 Sparkfun tutorials: Reflow skillet, July 2006]</ref>

== Variants ==

[[Image:Celeron mobile.jpg|thumb|300px|Intel [[Mobile Celeron]] in a [[flip-chip]] BGA2 package (FCBGA-479); the [[Die (integrated circuit)|die]] isappears dark blue. Here the die has been mounted to a printed circuit board substrate below it (dark yellow, also called an interposer) using flip chip and underfill.]]

[[File:NVIDIA@220nm@Fixed-pipline@NV10@GeForce 256@T5A3202220008 S1 Taiwan A DSC01376 (29588383793).jpg|thumb|Inside a [[Wire bonding|wire bond]] BGA package; this package has an Nvidia [[GeForce 256]] GPU]]

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

* ''CABGA'': Chipchip Arrayarray Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''CBGA'' and ''PBGA'' denote the ''Cc''eramic or ''Pp''lastic substrate material to which the array is attached.

* ''CTBGA'': Thinthin Chipchip Arrayarray Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''CVBGA'': Veryvery Thinthin Chipchip Arrayarray Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''DSBGA'': Diedie-Sizesize Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''FBGA'': Finefine Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray based on ''ball grid array'' technology. It has thinner contacts and is mainly used in [[system-on-a-chip]] designs; <br>also known as ''Finefine Pitchpitch Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray'' ([[JEDEC]]-Standard<ref>[https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/dr-427d Design Requirements - Fine Pitch Ball Grid Array Package (FBGA) DR-4.27D], jedec.org, MAR 2017</ref>) or <br>''Finefine Lineline BGA'' by [[Altera]]. Not to be confused with ''Fortifiedfortified BGA.''<ref>Ryan J. Leng. [http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/memory/2007/12/17/the_secrets_of_pc_memory_part_2/4 "The Secrets of PC Memory: Part 2"]. 2007.</ref>

* ''FCmBGA'': Flipflip Chipchip Moldedmolded Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''LBGA'': Lowlow-profile Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''LFBGA'': Lowlow-profile Finefine-pitch Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''MBGA'': Micromicro Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''MCM-PBGA'': Multimulti-Chipchip Modulemodule Plasticplastic Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''PBGAnFBGA'': PlasticNew Fine Ball Grid Array

* ''SuperBGA (SBGA)PBGA'': Superplastic Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray

* ''TABGASuperBGA (SBGA)'': Tapesuper ball Arraygrid BGAarray

* ''TBGATABGA'': Thintape array BGA

* ''TBGA'': thin BGA

* ''TEPBGA'': Thermally Enhanced Plastic Ball Grid Array

* ''TEPBGA'': thermally enhanced plastic ball grid array

* ''TFBGA'' or Thin and Fine Ball Grid Array

* ''UFBGATFBGA'' andor ''UBGA''thin and Ultra Fine Ball Grid Array based on pitchfine ball grid array.

* ''UFBGA'' and ''UBGA'' and ultra fine ball grid array based on pitch ball grid array.

* ''VFBGA'': Very Fine Pitch Ball Grid Array

* ''WFBGAVFBGA'': Veryvery Veryfine Thinpitch profileball Finegrid Pitch Ball Grid Arrayarray

* ''WFBGA'': very very thin profile fine pitch ball grid array

{{div col end}}

Effectively also the [[flip chip]] methods for mounting chip dies to a carrier is sort of a BGA design derivate with the functional equivalent of the balls there being called bumps or micro bumps. This is realized at an already microscopic size level.

{{div col end}}

To make it easier to use ball grid array devices, most BGA packages only have balls in the outer rings of the package,

leaving the innermost square empty.

Intel used a package designated BGA1 for their [[Pentium II]] and early [[Celeron]] mobile processors. BGA2 is Intel's package for their [[Pentium III]] and some later Celeron mobile processors. BGA2 is also known as FCBGA-479. It replaced its predecessor, BGA1.

For example, the "Micromicro-FCBGA" (Flipflip Chipchip Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray) is Intel's current{{When|date=May 2011}} BGA mounting method for mobile processors that use a [[flip chip]] binding technology. It was introduced with the ''Coppermine'' Mobile Celeron.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} Micro-FCBGA has 479 balls that are 0.78&nbsp;mm in diameter. The processor is affixed to the motherboard by soldering the balls to the motherboard. This is thinner than a pin grid array socket arrangement, but is not removable.

The 479 balls of the Micro-FCBGA Packagepackage (a package almost identical to the 478-pin Socketablesocketable [[Micromicro-FCPGA]] Packagepackage) are arranged as the 6 outer rings of a 1.27&nbsp;mm pitch (20 balls per inch pitch) 26x26 square grid, with the inner 14x14 region empty.<ref>Intel.

Intel.

"Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (0.13 μ) in Micro-FCBGA and Micro-FCPGA Packages".

[http://pdf.seekdatasheet.com/2008715/200807151345533917.pdf Datasheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318091556/http://pdf.seekdatasheet.com/2008715/200807151345533917.pdf |date=2014-03-18 }}.

2002.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.x86-guide.com/en/articles/packages/FCBGA-479%20(Micro-FCBGA)-no56.html |title=FCBGA-479 (Micro-FCBGA) |access-date=2011-12-20 |archive-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228145820/http://www.x86-guide.com/en/articles/packages/FCBGA-479%20(Micro-FCBGA)-no56.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

2002.

</ref><ref>[http://www.x86-guide.com/en/articles/packages/FCBGA-479%20(Micro-FCBGA)-no56.html FCBGA-479 (Micro-FCBGA)]</ref>

== Procurement ==

Primary end-users of BGAs are [[original equipment manufacturer]]s (OEMs). There is also a market among electronic hobbyists [[Do it yourself|do it yourself (DIY)]] such as the increasingly popular [[maker culture|maker movement]].<ref>{{cite news|title=More than just digital quilting: The "maker" movement could change how science is taught and boost innovation. It may even herald a new industrial revolution|url=httphttps://www.economist.com/nodetechnology-quarterly/215403922011/12/03/more-than-just-digital-quilting|worknewspaper=The Economist|date=Dec 3, 2011}}</ref> While OEMs generally source their components from the manufacturer, or the manufacturer's distributor, the hobbyist will typically obtain BGAs on the aftermarket through electronic component brokers or [[:Category:Electronic component distributors|distributors]].

== See also ==

Line 115:

* [[TQFP|Thin quad flat pack]] (TQFP)

* [[Small-outline integrated circuit]] (SOIC)

* [[Chip carrier]]: Chipchip packaging and package types list

* [[Embedded Waferwafer Levellevel Ballball Gridgrid Arrayarray]]

==References==

Line 128:

}}

* [https://amkor.com/packaging/laminate/pbga/ PBGA Package Information] from [[Amkor Technology]]

* [https://c44f5d406df450f4a66b-1b94a87d576253d9446df0a9ca62e142.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/2015/03/PBGA-J-Devices-DSJD401.pdf PBGA Package Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102095019/https://c44f5d406df450f4a66b-1b94a87d576253d9446df0a9ca62e142.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/2015/03/PBGA-J-Devices-DSJD401.pdf |date=2019-01-02 }} from J-Devices Corporation

{{Semiconductor packages}}