Command and control: Difference between revisions

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The US ''[[Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms]]''<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/ DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010194329/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/ |date=10 October 2016 }}, www.dtic.mil</ref> defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. Source: JP 1".<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/c/3226.html Command and control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629002310/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/c/3226.html |date=29 June 2011 }}, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, www.dtic.mil</ref>

The edition of the ''Dictionary'' "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and [[Military operation|operations]] in the accomplishment of the mission."<ref name=JP12010>{{cite book|last1=Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)|title=Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 31 January 2011)|date=8 November 2010|entry=Command and Control|page=65|url=http://ra.defense.gov/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918211120/http://ra.defense.gov/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2014|url-status=livedead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014."<ref name=JP12014>{{cite book|last1=Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)|title=Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 15 August 2014)|date=8 November 2010|entry=Command and Control|page=44|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824034254/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized [[Staff (military)|staff officers]] and enlisted personnel. These ''military staff'' are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional [[information flow|flow of information]] between a [[Officer (armed forces)|commanding officer]] and subordinate [[military units]].<ref name="crumley90">{{cite book |last1=Crumley |first1=Lloyd M. |last2=Sherman |first2=Mitchell B. |title=Review of Command and Control Models and Theory |date=September 1990 |publisher=United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences |___location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA230105.pdf |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319213837/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA230105.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

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In modern warfare, [[computer]]s have become a key component as [[cyberspace]] is now seen as "[[Cyberwarfare|the fifth ___domain of warfare]]" – refer:

{{cite book |author=Clarke, Richard A. |title=Cyber War |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2010}} and<br>

{{cite journal |url=httphttps://www.economist.com/nodeleaders/16481504?story_id=164815042010/07/01/cyberwar |title=Cyberwar: War in the Fifth Domain |journal=Economist |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207071347/http://www.economist.com/node/16481504?story_id=16481504&source=features_box1 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

</ref>

* [[Electronic warfare]]

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* C3/SA - C3 plus [[Situation awareness|situational awareness]]

* C4, C4I, C4ISR, C4ISTAR, C4ISREW, C4ISTAREW – plus computers (technology focus) or computing (human activity focus)<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf "Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014953/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf |date=23 November 2008 }}, Joint Publication 1-02, US Department of Defense, 17 March 2009.</ref><ref>Sloan, E., "Security and Defence in the Terrorist Era", McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 2005; see Ch. 7 for C4ISTAR discussion.</ref>

* C⁴I²C4I2 – command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, and interoperability

* C5I – command, control, communications, computers, collaboration and intelligence

* C5I – command, control, communications, computers, cyber and intelligence (US Army)