Problem solving: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Approaches to problem sól INGsolving}}

{{re DirectXredirect|ProblemuProblem|other verboseuses|Problem (disambiguatio niedisambiguation)}}

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{{PuzzlePuzzles}}

'''Problem solving''' is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields. The former is an example of '''simple problem solving''' (SPA'''SPS''') addressing one issue, whereas the latter is '''complex problem solving''' (COS'''CPS''') with multiple interrelated obstacles.<ref name="Complex instalacjiProblem Solving">{{Cite booksbook|date=2014-04-04|editor-last=TrenachFrensch|editor-first=PeteraPeter TA.|editor3editor2-last=FunkFunke|editor3editor2-first=JoachimaJoachim|title=ComplexsComplex designProblem Solving|publisher=PsychologaPsychology Press |doi=1110.4324/9781315806723|isbn=978-1-315-80672-3}}</ref> Another classification of problem-solving tasks is into well-defined problems with specific obstacles and goals, and ill-defined problems in which the current situation is troublesome but it is not clear what kind of resolution to aim for.<ref name=":10" /> Similarly, one may distinguish formal or fact-based problems requiring [[CG factor (psychometrics)|psychometric intelligence]], versus socio-emotional problems which depend on the changeable emotions of individuals or groups, such as [[e-mailEmotional intelligence|tactnultactful]] behavior, fashion, or gift choices.<ref name="BlacharstwoBlanchard-Fields">{{cite journal |author=[[FreddyFredda Blanchard-fieldsFields|Blanchard-Fields, HF.]] |year=2007 |title=Everyday problem solving and emotion: An adult developmental perspective |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00469.x |ref=Reference-Blanchard |s3cids2cid=145645352}}</ref>

Solutions require sufficient resources and knowledge to attain the goal. Professionals such as lawyers, doctors, programmers, and consultants are largely problem solvers for issues that require technical skills and knowledge beyond general competence. Many businesses have found profitable markets by recognizing a problem and creating a solution: the more widespread and inconvenient the problem, the greater the opportunity to develop a [[Scala bilirubinaScalability|scalable]] solution.

There are many specialized problem-solving techniques and methods in fields such as [[science-fiction]], [[engineer INGengineering]], [[businessmanbusiness]], [[Medicovermedicine]], [[matematycznemathematics]], [[computer ściennescience]], [[philosophy]], and [[sowietówsocieties|social organizatoróworganization]]. The mental techniques to identify, analyze, and solve problems are studied in [[psychologapsychology]] and [[cognitive science-fiction]]s. Also widely researched are the mental obstacles that prevent people from finding solutions; problem-solving impediments include [[confirmation Bossbias]], [[mental setkiset]], and [[funkcjonalności fixedfunctional RSSfixedness]].

== Definition ==

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[[Crowdsourcing]] is a process of accumulating ideas, thoughts, or information from many independent participants, with aim of finding the best solution for a given challenge. Modern [[information technologies]] allow for many people to be involved and facilitate managing their suggestions in ways that provide good results.<ref>{{multiref2

|1={{cite journal|last1=Guazzini|first1=Andrea|last2=Vilone|first2=Daniele|last3=Donati|first3=Camillo|last4=Nardi|first4=Annalisa|last5=Levnajić|first5=Zoran|title=Modeling crowdsourcing as collective problem solving|journal=Scientific Reports|date=10 November 2015|volume=5|pagearticle-number=16557|doi=10.1038/srep16557 |pmid=26552943 |pmc=4639727 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516557G|arxiv=1506.09155}}

|2={{cite journal|last1=Boroomand|first1=A.|last2=Smaldino|first2=P.E.|year=2021|title=Hard Work, Risk-Taking, and Diversity in a Model of Collective Problem Solving|journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation|volume=24|number=4|article-number=10 |doi=10.18564/jasss.4704 |s2cid=240483312 |doi-access=free}}

}}</ref> The [[Internet]] allows for a new capacity of collective (including planetary-scale) problem solving.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stefanovitch|first1=Nicolas|last2=Alshamsi |first2=Aamena |last3=Cebrian |first3=Manuel |last4=Rahwan|first4=Iyad|title=Error and attack tolerance of collective problem solving: The DARPA Shredder Challenge|journal=EPJ Data Science |date=30 September 2014|volume=3|issue=1|article-number=13 |doi=10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0013-1|doi-access=free|hdl=21.11116/0000-0002-D39F-D|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==