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{{Short description|Technique in computer graphics}}
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[[File:Parallax_scroll.gif|thumb|"[[2.5D]]" parallax scrolling of city buildings]]
{{VG Graphics}}
'''Parallax scrolling''' is a technique in [[computer graphics]] where background images move past the camera more slowly than foreground images, creating an illusion of depth in a [[2D computer graphics|2D]] scene of distance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cap. O'Rourke to the rescue|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=drgTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3478,303305&dq=parallax+scrolling|date=1988-09-01|publisher=New Straits Times Malaysia |access-date=2009-07-06}}</ref> The technique grew out of the [[multiplane camera]] technique used in [[traditional animation]]<ref name=art>{{cite web|title=The Art of Parallax Scrolling|url=http://mos.futurenet.com/pdf/net/NET165_tut_flash.pdf|first=Wyatt|last=Paul|date=August 2007|access-date=2009-07-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007223458/http://mos.futurenet.com/pdf/net/NET165_tut_flash.pdf|archive-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> since the 1930s.
Parallax scrolling was popularized in [[2D computer graphics]] with its introduction to [[video games]] in the early 1980s. Some parallax scrolling was used in the [[arcade video game]] ''[[Jump Bug]]'' (1981).<ref name=purcaru>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB4PAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|title=Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's|first=Bogdan Ion|last=Purcaru|date=13 March 2014|publisher=Purcaru Ion Bogdan|via=Google Books}}</ref> It used a limited form of parallax scrolling with the main scene scrolling while the starry night sky is fixed and clouds move slowly, adding depth to the scenery. The following year, ''[[Moon Patrol]]'' (1982) implemented a full form of parallax scrolling, with three separate background layers scrolling at different speeds, simulating the distance between them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uduslivii |first1=Igor |title=iPhone Game Blueprints |date=26 December 2013 |publisher=[[Packt Publishing Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-84969-027-0 |page=339 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5R4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT339}}</ref> ''Moon Patrol'' is often credited with popularizing parallax scrolling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology of the History of Video Games: Golden Age|url=https://www.thocp.net/software/games/golden_age.htm|first=Ted|last=Stahl|date=2006-07-26|access-date=2009-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716033610/http://www.thocp.net/software/games/golden_age.htm|archive-date=2009-07-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/f/gamings-most-important-evolutions/a-20101008102331322035/p-3|title=Gaming's Most Important Evolutions|page=3|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|date=October 8, 2010|access-date=2011-04-27|archive-date=2021-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408070358/https://www.gamesradar.com/f/gamings-most-important-evolutions/a-20101008102331322035/p-3|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Jungle Hunt|Jungle King]]'' (1982), later called ''Jungle Hunt'', also had parallax scrolling,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jungle Hunt Was a Terrible Waste of Quarters|url=http://retrovolve.com/jungle-hunt-was-a-terrible-waste-of-quarters/|access-date=2015-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132140/http://retrovolve.com/jungle-hunt-was-a-terrible-waste-of-quarters/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> and was released a month after ''Moon Patrol'' in June 1982.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akagi |first1=Masumi |title=アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) |trans-title=Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005) |date=13 October 2006 |publisher=Amusement News Agency |
== Methods ==
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<gallery>
Image:Sky back layer.png|Cloud
Image:Vegetation (middle layer).png|Vegetation
Image:Ground (front layer).png|Ground
Image:Parallax scrolling example scene.gif|Animation
</gallery>
== Parallax scrolling in Web design ==
{{Section move from|Web design|sections=Parallax scrolling in Web design|date=June 2025}}
One of the first implementations of parallax scrolling in the browser was created and shared in a blog post by web developer Glutnix in 2007, this included example code and a demo using JavaScript and CSS 2 that supported Internet Explorer 6 and other browsers of that era.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parallax Backgrounds - a multi-layered javascript experiment|url=https://inner.geek.nz/archives/2007/03/20/parallax-backgrounds/|work=Glutnix|publisher=inner.geek.nz|access-date=28 June 2019|author=Brett Taylor|date=20 March 2007|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128230104/https://inner.geek.nz/archives/2007/03/20/parallax-backgrounds/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Showcasing the css parallax effect - 12+1 creative usages|url=https://kremalicious.com/showcasing-the-css-parallax-effect-12-creative-usages/|work=Glutnix|publisher=kremalicious.com|access-date=28 June 2019|author=Matthias Kretschmann|date=23 May 2008}}</ref>
In a February 2008 tutorial on web design blog Think Vitamin, web designer Paul Annett explained how he had created a parallax effect using CSS and without JavaScript for the website of Silverback, a usability testing app.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Recreate Silverback's Parallax Effect|url=http://thinkvitamin.com/design/how-to-recreate-silverbacks-parallax-effect/|first=Paul|last=Annett|date=February 2008|access-date=2024-02-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719124948/http://thinkvitamin.com/design/how-to-recreate-silverbacks-parallax-effect/|archive-date=2010-07-19}}</ref> He demonstrated the effect on stage at SXSW Interactive 2009, with the help of audience participation and a man in a gorilla suit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Photo: Paul is amused by gorillas|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/mn_francis/3354075259/in/photolist-67sJsG-67sGEE-4xqGuE-67PNcj-67KBmV-689ztc-67sM8j-67mxCL-67ow86-4xZ4jq-4CgVEn-CJ1Ka-67aT9H-E7Byr-67sHbN-CSF4e-4xUDWB-67oyUz-67PNm9-67fXQP-D1WeG-4yeU6u-DibvN-4xDyY3-4yoJA4-67ovHM-4xYTdL-4xYUe9-67eVL9-4xYUuy-CQuae-4y8Rwn-4y594r|access-date=27 February 2024|author=Mark Norman Francis|date=14 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Paul Annett from ClearLeft making people act out the design of silverbackapp.com|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/robby1066/3352602235/in/photolist-67sJsG-67sGEE-4xqGuE-67PNcj-67KBmV-689ztc-67sM8j-67mxCL-67ow86-4xZ4jq-4CgVEn-CJ1Ka-67aT9H-E7Byr-67sHbN-CSF4e-4xUDWB-67oyUz-67PNm9-67fXQP-D1WeG-4yeU6u-DibvN-4xDyY3-4yoJA4-67ovHM-4xYTdL-4xYUe9-67eVL9-4xYUuy-CQuae-4y8Rwn-4y594r|access-date=27 February 2024|author=Robby Macdonell|date=14 March 2009}}</ref>
Advocates argue it is a simple way to embrace the fluidity of the Web, citing the Silverback website as the first example they had come across.<ref name="CederholmMarcotte2010">{{cite book|author1=Dan Cederholm|author2=Ethan Marcotte|title=Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design|url=https://archive.org/details/handcraftedcssmo0000cede|url-access=registration|date=9 April 2010|publisher=New Riders|isbn=978-0-13-210481-4|pages=198–199}}</ref>
Proponents use parallax backgrounds as a tool to better engage users and improve the overall experience that a website provides. However, a [[Purdue University]] study, published in 2013, revealed the following findings: "... although parallax scrolling enhanced certain aspects of the user experience, it did not necessarily improve the overall user experience".<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Effects Of Parallax Scrolling On User Experience And Preference In Web Design|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgttheses/27/|journal=Purdue University|access-date=17 April 2014|author=Dede M. Frederick|date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183434/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgttheses/27/|archive-date=2014-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref> A undated study occurring during or after 2010 by Dede Frederick, James Mohler, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, and Ronald Glotzbach noted that parallax scrolling "may cause certain people to experience nausea."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frederick|first=Dede|title=The Effects of Parallax Scrolling on User Experience in Web Design|journal=Journal of User Experience|volume=10|issue=2}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[2.5D]]
* [[Scrolling]]
* [[Skybox (video games)|Skybox]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{
{{Computer graphics}}
{{Stereoscopy}}
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