Giovanni Arduino: Difference between revisions

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{{distinguish|text=the French scholar [[Jean Hardouin]], who is called Giovanni Arduino in [[Italian language|Italian]].}}

{{Short description|Italian geologist (1714–1795)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Giovanni Arduino

| image = Medal of Giovanni Arduini. Panteon Veneto; Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti.jpg

| image_size = 150px

| caption = Medal of Giovanni Arduino. Panteon Veneto, [[Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti]]

| caption =

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1714|10|16}}

| birth_place = [[Caprino Veronese]], [[Veneto]], [[Italy]]

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| ethnicity =

| field = [[Geology]]

| work_institutions = [[University of Padua]]

| alma_mater =

| doctoral_advisor =

| doctoral_students =

| known_for = Italian [[GeologyStratigraphy]]

| author_abbrev_bot =

| author_abbrev_zoo =

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| prizes =

| religion =

| footnotes = He is the brother of [[Pietro Arduino]].

| signature =

}}

'''Giovanni Arduino''' (16 October 1714 &ndash; 21 March 1795) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[geologist]] who is known as the "Father of Italian [[Geology]]". Arduino proposed the division of the [[earth's crust]] into four general and successive orders: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, a classification regarded as the starting point for modern [[stratigraphy]].<ref>{{Britannica|33360}}</ref><ref>Ellenberger, F. (1994). ''Histoire de la Géologie'', Volume 2 ''La grande éclosion et ses prémices 1660– 1810''. Technique et Documentation. Lavoisier. Paris. (English translation by M. Carozzi: ''History of Geology'', vol. 2, Routledge / Taylor and Francis, 1999), pp. 258-265.</ref>

== Biography ==

Arduino was born at [[Caprino Veronese]], [[Veneto]]. He was a [[mining]] specialist who developed possibly the first classification of geological time, based on study of the geology of northern [[Italy]]. He divided the history of the Earth into three periods: Primitive, Secondary, and [[Tertiary]].

Arduino was born on 16 October 1714 at [[Caprino Veronese]], a small village in the [[Republic of Venice]], from a poor family of farmers. His brother was the [[botanist]] [[Pietro Arduino]]. He studied at Verona but did not take a degree. At eighteen he began an apprenticeship as a technician in the iron mines in [[Klausen, South Tyrol|Klausen]], near [[Bolzano]], [[South Tyrol]]. Arduino became quickly knowledgeable about mineralogy and [[metallurgy]] and developed an interest in [[paleontology]].{{sfn|Gliozzi|1962}}

As a result of his practical experience he became recognized as a [[mining]] expert, in which capacity he served several Italian administrations.{{sfn|Rodolico|1970|p=233}} In 1769, Arduino was nominated agricultural superintendent of the Venetian Republic. He finally became professor of [[mineralogy]] at the [[University of Padua]] and a member of the [[Accademia nazionale delle scienze]].

Arduino corresponded with several leading European naturalists, including [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]], [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Giovanni Scopoli]], [[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]], [[Carl Linnaeus]], and [[Horace Bénédict de Saussure]].{{sfn|Gliozzi|1962}} He died in [[Venice]] on 21 March 1795. The [[Moon|lunar]] ridge [[Dorsum Arduino]] is named after him.

== Contributions ==

Arduino was born at [[Caprino Veronese]], [[Veneto]]. He was a [[mining]] specialist who developed possibly the first classification of geological time, based on study of the geology of northern [[Italy]]. He divided the history of the Earth into three periods: Primitive, Secondary, and [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]].

[[File:Giovanni Arduino geological section Valle dell'Agno.jpg|thumb|left|Arduino's [[stratigraphic section]] in the [[province of Vicenza]] (pen and ink) 1758]]

*The Englishscheme translation:proposed by Arduino in 1759,<ref name=Bates>{{cite book|author-link=Marston Bates|last=Bates|first=Marston|title=The Nature of Natural History|page=51|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|___location=New York|year=1950}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=EllArduino |first1=TheodoreGiovanni |title=Lettera Segonda di Giovanni Arduino … sopra varie sue osservazioni fatte in diverse parti del territorio di Vicenza, ed altrove, apparenenti alla Teoria terrestre, ed alla Mineralogia |journal=Nuova Raccolta d'Opuscoli Scientifici e Filologici [New collection of scientific and philogical pamphlets] |date=1760 |volume=6 |pages=133 (cxxxiii)–180(clxxx) |trans-title=Second letter of Giovani Arduino … on his various observations made in different parts of the territory of Vincenza, and elsewhere, concerning the theory of the earth and mineralogy |language=it}} Available at: [https://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer;jsessionid=3160EE486323866602B9590459D7111B?an=323812_6 Museo Galileo (Florence (Firenze), Italy)] From p. 158 (clviii): ''"Per quanto ho potuto sinora osservavare, la serie di questi strati, che compongono la corteccia visibile della terra, mi pare distinta in quattro ordini generali, e successivi, senza considerarvi il mare."'' (As far as I have been able to observe, the series of these layers that compose the visible crust of the earth seems to me distinct in four general orders, and successive, not considering the sea.)(English translation by Theodore Ell, ''Two letters of Signor Giovanni Arduino, concerning his natural observations: first full English translation. Part 2.'' |journal=in ''Earth Sciences History'' |date=journal (2012), Volume |volume=31, Issue |issue=2, page |pages=168–192|, doi= 10.17704/eshi.31.2.c2q4076006wn7751, |bibcode= 2012ESHis..31..168E }}.</ref> which was based on much study of rocks of the southern [[Alps]], grouped the rocks into four series. These were (in addition to the Volcanic or Quaternary) as follows: the Primary series, which consisted of [[schist]]s from the core of the mountains; the Secondary, which consisted of the hard [[sedimentary rock]]s on the mountain flanks; and the Tertiary, which consisted of the less hardened sedimentary rocks of the foothills. Because this arrangement did not always hold true for mountain ranges other than the Alps, the Primary and the Secondary were dropped in the general case. However, the term 'Tertiary' has persisted in geological literature until its recent replacement by the [[Palaeogene]] and [[Neogene]] periods. The last period of the [[Cenozoic]] Era is still known as the [[Quaternary]] period. The Cenozoic was studied and further determined by, among others, the English geologist (and mentor of [[Charles Darwin]]) [[Charles Lyell]].<ref name=Bates/>

The scheme proposed by Arduino in 1759,<ref name=Bates>{{cite book|author-link=Marston Bates|last=Bates|first=Marston|title=The Nature of Natural History|page=51|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|___location=New York|year=1950}}</ref><ref>See:

* {{cite journal |last1=Arduino |first1=Giovanni |title=Lettera Segonda di Giovanni Arduino … sopra varie sue osservazioni fatte in diverse parti del territorio di Vicenza, ed altrove, apparenenti alla Teoria terrestre, ed alla Mineralogia |journal=Nuova Raccolta d'Opuscoli Scientifici e Filologici [New collection of scientific and philogical pamphlets] |date=1760 |volume=6 |pages=133 (cxxxiii)–180(clxxx) |trans-title=Second letter of Giovani Arduino … on his various observations made in different parts of the territory of Vincenza, and elsewhere, concerning the theory of the earth and mineralogy |language=it}} Available at: [https://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer;jsessionid=3160EE486323866602B9590459D7111B?an=323812_6 Museo Galileo (Florence (Firenze), Italy)] From p. 158 (clviii): ''"Per quanto ho potuto sinora osservavare, la serie di questi strati, che compongono la corteccia visibile della terra, mi pare distinta in quattro ordini generali, e successivi, senza considerarvi il mare."'' (As far as I have been able to observe, the series of these layers that compose the visible crust of the earth seems to me distinct in four general orders, and successive, not considering the sea.)

* English translation: {{cite journal |last1=Ell |first1=Theodore |title=Two letters of Signor Giovanni Arduino, concerning his natural observations: first full English translation. Part 2. |journal=Earth Sciences History |date=2012 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=168–192|doi=10.17704/eshi.31.2.c2q4076006wn7751 |bibcode=2012ESHis..31..168E }}</ref> which was based on much study of rocks of the southern [[Alps]], grouped the rocks into four series. These were (in addition to the Volcanic or Quaternary) as follows: the Primary series, which consisted of [[schist]]s from the core of the mountains; the Secondary, which consisted of the hard [[sedimentary rock]]s on the mountain flanks; and the Tertiary, which consisted of the less hardened sedimentary rocks of the foothills. Because this arrangement did not always hold true for mountain ranges other than the Alps, the Primary and the Secondary were dropped in the general case. However, the term 'Tertiary' has persisted in geological literature until its recent replacement by the [[Palaeogene]] and [[Neogene]] periods. The last period of the [[Cenozoic]] Era is still known as the [[Quaternary]] period. The Cenozoic was studied and further determined by, among others, the English geologist (and mentor of [[Charles Darwin]]) [[Charles Lyell]].<ref name=Bates/>

==References==

Giovanni Arduino died in [[Venice]] in 1795. The [[Moon|lunar]] ridge [[Dorsum Arduino]] is named after him.

{{reflist}}

==Further readingBibliography==

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite encyclopedia

| last = Rodolico

| first = Francesco

Line 53 ⟶ 61:

| isbn = 0-684-10114-9

}}

* {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFGliozzi1962}}{{DBI|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-arduino_(Dizionario-Biografico)|first=Mario|last=Gliozzi|title=ARDUINO, Giovanni|volume=4}}

*{{cite journal | title = Two Letters of Signor Giovanni Arduino, Concerning his Natural Observations: First Full English Translation. Part 1| year = 2011 | last1 = Ell | first1 = Theodore | journal = Earth Sciences History | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–286| doi = 10.17704/eshi.30.2.22r632j0x453gj45 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011ESHis..30..267E }}

* {{cite book

| last = Vaccari

==References==

| first = Ezio

{{reflist}}

| chapter = The ‘Classification’ of Mountains in Eighteenth Century Italy and the Lithostratigraphic Theory of Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795)

| title = The Origins of Geology in Italy

| editor1 = Gian Battista Vai

| editor2 = W. Glen E. Caldwell

| pages = 155–175

| publisher = [[Geological Society of America]]

| ___location = Boulder, CO

| year = 2006

| isbn = 0813724112 |ref=none

}}

* {{cite journal | title = Two Letters of Signor Giovanni Arduino, Concerning his Natural Observations: First Full English Translation. Part 1| year = 2011 | last1 = Ell | first1 = Theodore | journal = Earth Sciences History | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–286| doi = 10.17704/eshi.30.2.22r632j0x453gj45 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011ESHis..30..267E |ref=none }}

* {{cite encyclopedia

|last = Vaccari

|first = Ezio

| caption date = 2013

|title = Arduino, Giovanni

|url = https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-arduino_(Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero:-Scienze)

|encyclopedia = Il Contributo italiano alla storia del Pensiero: Scienze

|___location = Rome

|publisher = [[Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]]

|access-date = 22 June 2025 |ref=none

}}

* {{cite journal

|last = Gibbard

|first = P.L.

|date = January 2019

|title = Giovanni Arduino - the man who invented the Quaternary

|journal = [[Quaternary International]]

|volume = 500

|issue =

|pages = 11-19

|doi = 10.1016/j.quaint.2019.04.021 |ref=none

}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==

* [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/14540 ''Effetti di Antichissimi Estinti Vulcani, e Altri Fenomeni, e Prodotti Fossili Osservati da Giovanni Arduino''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702200237/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/14540 |date=2015-07-02 }} (1769); [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/14609 ''Osservazioni chimiche sopra alcuni fossili''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312154849/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/14609 |date=2016-03-12 }} (1779); and [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/14507 ''Esame Chimico, e Considerazioni Sopra la Marga, Ossia Marna...''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032311/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/14507 |date=2016-03-07 }} (1791)- full digital facsimiles at [[Linda Hall Library]]

{{Authority control}}