Even and odd functions: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 11:34, 21 June 2024

Latest revision as of 02:01, 5 August 2025

(20 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)

Line 11:

If the ___domain of a real function is self-symmetric with respect to the origin, then the function can be uniquely decomposed as the sum of an even function and an odd function.

==Early history==

The concept of even and odd functions appears to date back to the early 18th century, with [[Leonard Euler]] playing a significant role in their formalization. Euler introduced the concepts of even and odd functions (using Latin terms ''pares'' and ''impares'') in his work ''Traiectoriarum Reciprocarum Solutio'' from 1727. Before Euler, however, [[Isaac Newton]] had already developed geometric means of deriving coefficients of power series when writing the ''Principia'' (1687), and included algebraic techniques in an early draft of his ''Quadrature of Curves,'' though he removed it before publication in 1706. It is also noteworthy that Newton didn't explicitly name or focus on the even-odd decomposition, his work with power series would have involved understanding properties related to even and odd powers.

==Definition and examples==

Line 30 ⟶ 34:

*The [[absolute value]] <math>x \mapsto |x|,</math>

*<math>x \mapsto x^2,</math>

*<math>x \mapsto x^4n</math> for any even integer <math>n,</math>

*[[trigonometric function|cosine]] <math>\cos,</math>

*[[hyperbolic function|hyperbolic cosine]] <math>\cosh,</math>

Line 43 ⟶ 47:

Geometrically, the graph of an odd function has rotational symmetry with respect to the [[Origin (mathematics)|origin]], meaning that its graph remains unchanged after [[Rotation (mathematics)|rotation]] of 180 [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s about the origin.

If <math>x=0</math> is in the ___domain of an odd function <math>f(x)</math>, then <math>f(0)=0</math>.

Examples of odd functions are:

*The [[sign function]] <math>x \mapsto \sgn(x),</math>

*The identity function <math>x \mapsto x,</math>

*<math>x \mapsto x^3n</math> for any odd integer <math>n,</math>

*<math>x \mapsto \sqrt[n]{x}</math> for any odd positive integer <math>n,</math>

*[[sine]] <math>\sin,</math>

*[[hyperbolic function|hyperbolic sine]] <math>\sinh,</math>

Line 68 ⟶ 75:

===Multiplication and division===

* The [[multiplication|product]] and [[Division (mathematics)|quotient]] of two even functions is an even function.

** ThatThis implies that the product of any number of even functions is analso even function as well.

** TheThis productimplies ofthat twothe odd[[reciprocal functionsfunction|reciprocal]] isof an even function is also even.

* The product ofand anquotient evenof function and antwo odd functionfunctions is an oddeven function.

* The [[Divisionproduct (mathematics)|quotient]]and both quotients of twoan even functionsfunction and an odd function is an evenodd function.

** TheThis quotientimplies ofthat twothe oddreciprocal functions isof an evenodd function is odd.

* The quotient of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.

===Composition===

Line 81 ⟶ 87:

* The composition of an even function and an odd function is even.

* The composition of any function with an even function is even (but not vice versa).

===Inverse function===

* If an odd function is [[inverse function|invertible]], then its inverse is also odd.

==Even–odd decomposition==

If a real function has a ___domain that is self-symmetric with respect to the origin, it may be uniquely decomposed as the sum of an even and an odd function, which are called respectively the '''even part''' (or the '''even component''') and the '''odd part''' (or the '''odd component''') of the function, and are defined by

<math display ="block">f_\text{even}(x) = \frac {f(x)+f(-x)}{2},</math>

and

<math display=block>f_\text{odd}(x) = \frac {f(x)-f(-x)}{2}.</math>

Line 100 ⟶ 109:

For example, the [[hyperbolic cosine]] and the [[hyperbolic sine]] may be regarded as the even and odd parts of the exponential function, as the first one is an even function, the second one is odd, and

:<math>e^x=\underbrace{\cosh (x)}_{f_\text{even}(x)} + \underbrace{\sinh (x)}_{f_\text{odd}(x)}</math>.

[[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]]'s [[sine and cosine transforms]] also perform even–odd decomposition by representing a function's odd part with [[sine waves]] (an odd function) and the function's even part with cosine waves (an even function).

==Further algebraic properties==

Line 116 ⟶ 126:

* The [[derivative]] of an even function is odd.

* The derivative of an odd function is even.

* The [[integral]] ofIf an odd function fromis −''A''[[integral|integrable]] toover +''A''a is zero[[Interval (where ''A'' is finite, and the function has no vertical asymptotes between −''A'' and ''A''mathematics). For an odd function that is integrable over a|bounded symmetric interval, e.g.]] <math>[-A,A]</math>, the result of the integral over that interval is zero; that is<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OddFunction.html|title=Odd Function|first=Weisstein, Eric|last=W.|website=mathworld.wolfram.com}}</ref>

*:<math>\int_{-A}^{A} f(x)\,dx = 0</math>.

** This implies that the [[Cauchy principal value]] of an odd function over the entire real line is zero.

* The integral of an even function from −''A'' to +''A'' is twice the integral from 0 to +''A'' (where ''A'' is finite, and the function has no vertical asymptotes between −''A'' and ''A''. This also holds true when ''A'' is infinite, but only if the integral converges); that is

* If an even function is integrable over a bounded symmetric interval <math>[-A,A]</math>, the integral over that interval is twice the integral from 0 to ''A''; that is<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EvenFunction.html|title=Even Function|first=Weisstein, Eric|last=W.|website=mathworld.wolfram.com}}</ref>

*:<math>\int_{-A}^{A} f(x)\,dx = 2\int_{0}^{A} f(x)\,dx</math>.

** This property is also true for the [[improper integral]] when <math>A = \infty</math>, provided the integral from 0 to <math>\infty</math> converges.

===Series===

Line 141 ⟶ 153:

** Simple examples are a half-wave rectifier, and clipping in an asymmetrical [[class-A amplifier]].

Note that thisThis does not hold true for more complex waveforms. A [[sawtooth wave]] contains both even and odd harmonics, for instance. After even-symmetric full-wave rectification, it becomes a [[triangle wave]], which, other than the DC offset, contains only odd harmonics.

==Generalizations==

Line 179 ⟶ 191:

===Finite length sequences===

The definitions of odd and even symmetry are extended to ''N''-point sequences (i.e. functions of the form <math>f: \left\{0,1,\ldots,N-1\right\} \to \mathbb{R}</math>) as follows:<ref name=ProakisManolakis>{{Citation | lastlast1 =Proakis | firstfirst1 =John G. | last2 =Manolakis | first2 =Dimitri G. | title =Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and Applications | place =Upper Saddle River, NJ | publisher =Prentice-Hall International | year =1996 | edition =3 | language =en | id =sAcfAQAAIAAJ | isbn =9780133942897 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/digitalsignalpro00proa }}</ref>{{rp|p. 411}}

'''Even symmetry:'''

Line 205 ⟶ 217:

==References==

*{{Citation |lastlast1=Gelfand |firstfirst1=I. M. |last2=Glagoleva |first2=E. G. |last3=Shnol |first3=E. E. |author-linklink1=Israel Gelfand |year=2002 | orig-year=1969 |title=Functions and Graphs |publisher=Dover Publications |publication-place=Mineola, N.Y |url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486425649.html }}

[[Category:Calculus]]