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{{Short description|Form of shared internet-based computing}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Cloud Computing|Cloud Computing (horse)}}
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[[File:Cloud computing.svg|thumb|Cloud computing metaphor: the group of networked elements providing services does not need to be addressed or managed individually by users; instead, the entire provider-managed suite of hardware and software can be thought of as an amorphous cloud.]]
==Essential
In 2011, the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) identified five "essential characteristics" for cloud systems.<ref name="nist">{{cite tech report|title=The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing|number=Special publication 800-145|institution=National Institute of Standards and Technology: U.S. Department of Commerce|date=September 2011|author1=Mell, Peter|author2=Timothy Grance|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145}}</ref> Below are the exact definitions according to NIST:
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By 2023, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) had expanded and refined the list.
==History==
{{main|History of cloud computing}}
The history of cloud computing extends
The "cloud" metaphor for virtualized services dates to 1994, when it was used by [[General Magic]] for the universe of "places" that mobile agents in the [[Telescript (programming language)|Telescript]] environment could "go". The metaphor is credited to David Hoffman, a General Magic communications specialist, based on its long-standing use in networking and telecom.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |date=April 1994 |url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/2.04/general.magic_pr.html |title=Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002033751/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/2.04/general.magic_pr.html |archive-date=2015-10-02 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> The expression ''cloud computing'' became more widely known in 1996 when [[Compaq Computer Corporation]] drew up a [[business plan]] for future computing and the [[Internet]]. The company's ambition was to supercharge [[sales]] with "cloud computing-enabled applications". The business plan foresaw that online consumer file storage would likely be commercially successful. As a result, Compaq decided to sell [[Server (computing)|server]] hardware to [[internet service provider]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title= To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 | author1=Mosco, Vincent |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 9781317250388 | pages=15}}</ref>
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In the 2000s, the application of cloud computing began to take shape with the establishment of [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS) in 2002, which allowed developers to build applications independently. In 2006 Amazon Simple Storage Service, known as [[Amazon S3]], and the [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2) were released. In 2008 [[NASA]]'s development of the first [[open-source software]] for deploying private and hybrid clouds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/ |title=Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) – beta |date=24 August 2006 |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813195808/http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Qian |first1=Ling |last2=Lou |first2=Zhigou |last3=Du |first3=Yujian |last4=Gou |first4=Leitao |title=Cloud Computing: An Overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221276709 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
The following decade saw the launch of various cloud services. In 2010, [[Microsoft]] launched [[Microsoft Azure]], and [[Rackspace Technology|Rackspace Hosting]] and [[NASA]] initiated an open-source cloud-software project, [[OpenStack]]. [[IBM]] introduced the [[IBM Cloud|IBM SmartCloud]] framework in 2011, and [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] announced the [[Oracle Cloud]] in 2012. In December 2019, Amazon launched AWS Outposts, a service that extends AWS infrastructure, services, [[API
== Value proposition ==
{{Page numbers needed|section|date=January 2024}}
Cloud computing can enable shorter time to market by providing pre-configured tools, scalable resources, and managed services, allowing users to focus on their core business value instead of maintaining infrastructure. Cloud platforms can enable organizations and individuals to reduce upfront capital expenditures on physical infrastructure by shifting to an operational expenditure model, where costs scale with usage. Cloud platforms also offer managed services and tools, such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, and machine learning, which might otherwise require significant in-house expertise and infrastructure investment.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture |isbn=978-0133387520 |last1=Erl |first1=Thomas |last2=Puttini |first2=Ricardo |last3=Mahmood |first3=Zaigham |date=2013 |publisher=Pearson Education }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=Cloud Computing, revised and updated edition |isbn=978-0262546478 |last1=Ruparelia |first1=Nayan B. |date=August 2023 |publisher=MIT Press }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Cloud Computing |isbn=978-1284233971}}</ref>
While cloud computing can offer cost advantages through effective resource optimization, organizations often face challenges such as unused resources, inefficient configurations, and hidden costs without proper oversight and governance. Many cloud platforms provide cost management tools, such as AWS Cost Explorer and Azure Cost Management, and frameworks like FinOps have emerged to standardize financial operations in the cloud. Cloud computing also facilitates collaboration, remote work, and global service delivery by enabling secure access to data and applications from any ___location with an internet connection.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
Cloud providers offer various redundancy options for core services, such as managed storage and managed databases, though redundancy configurations often vary by service tier. Advanced redundancy strategies, such as cross-region replication or failover systems, typically require explicit configuration and may incur additional costs or licensing fees.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
Cloud environments operate under a [[shared responsibility model]], where providers are typically responsible for infrastructure security, physical hardware, and software updates, while customers are accountable for data encryption, identity and access management (IAM), and application-level security. These responsibilities vary depending on the cloud service model—Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), or Software as a Service (SaaS)—with customers typically having more control and responsibility in IaaS environments and progressively less in PaaS and SaaS models, often trading control for convenience and managed services.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
== Factors influencing the adoption and suitability of cloud computing ==
{{Page numbers needed|section|date=January 2024}}
The decision to adopt cloud computing or maintain on-premises infrastructure depends on factors such as scalability, cost structure, latency requirements, regulatory constraints, and infrastructure customization.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Cloud Computing For Dummies |isbn=978-0470484708 |last1=Hurwitz |first1=Judith S. |last2=Bloor |first2=Robin |last3=Kaufman |first3=Marcia |last4=Halper |first4=Fern |date=16 November 2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Hybrid Cloud for Architects: Build robust hybrid cloud solutions using AWS and OpenStack |isbn=9781788623513}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Security Architecture for Hybrid Cloud: A Practical Method for Designing Security Using Zero Trust Principles |isbn=9781098157777}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Architecting the Cloud: Design Decisions for Cloud Computing Service Models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) |isbn=978-1118617618 |last1=Kavis |first1=Michael J. |date=28 January 2014 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>
Organizations with variable or unpredictable workloads, limited capital for upfront investments, or a focus on rapid scalability benefit from cloud adoption. Startups, SaaS companies, and e-commerce platforms often prefer the pay-as-you-go operational expenditure (OpEx) model of cloud infrastructure. Additionally, companies prioritizing global accessibility, remote workforce enablement, disaster recovery, and leveraging advanced services such as AI/ML and analytics are well-suited for the cloud. In recent years, some cloud providers have started offering specialized services for high-performance computing and low-latency applications, addressing some use cases previously exclusive to on-premises setups.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
On the other hand, organizations with strict regulatory requirements, highly predictable workloads, or reliance on deeply integrated legacy systems may find cloud infrastructure less suitable. Businesses in industries like defense, government, or those handling highly sensitive data often favor on-premises setups for greater control and data sovereignty. Additionally, companies with ultra-low latency requirements, such as high-frequency trading (HFT) firms, rely on custom hardware (e.g., FPGAs) and physical proximity to exchanges, which most cloud providers cannot fully replicate despite recent advancements. Similarly, tech giants like Google, Meta, and Amazon build their own data centers due to economies of scale, predictable workloads, and the ability to customize hardware and network infrastructure for optimal efficiency. However, these companies also use cloud services selectively for certain workloads and applications where it aligns with their operational needs.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
In practice, many organizations are increasingly adopting hybrid cloud architectures, combining on-premises infrastructure with cloud services. This approach allows businesses to balance scalability, cost-effectiveness, and control, offering the benefits of both deployment models while mitigating their respective limitations.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
== Challenges and limitations ==
{{Main|Cloud computing issues}}
One of the main challenges of cloud computing, in comparison to more traditional on-premises computing, is data security and privacy. Cloud users entrust their sensitive data to third-party providers, who may not have adequate measures to protect it from unauthorized access, breaches, or leaks. Cloud users also face compliance risks if they have to adhere to certain regulations or standards regarding data protection, such as [[GDPR]] or [[HIPAA]].<ref name="ttarget">{{cite web|url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/tip/Explore-the-pros-and-cons-of-cloud-computing|title=The pros and cons of cloud computing explained|last1=Marko|first1=Kurt|last2=Bigelow|first2=Stephen J.|date=10 Nov 2022|website=TechTarget}}</ref>
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=== Cloud migration challenges ===
According to the 2024 State of the Cloud Report by [[Flexera]], approximately 50% of respondents identified the following top challenges when migrating workloads to [[Public Cloud|public clouds]]:
# "Understanding application dependencies"
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=== Implementation challenges ===
Applications hosted in the cloud are susceptible to the [[fallacies of distributed computing]], a series of misconceptions that can lead to significant issues in software development and deployment.
=== Cloud cost overruns ===
In a report by [[Gartner]], a survey of 200 IT leaders revealed that 69% experienced budget overruns in their organizations' cloud expenditures during 2023. Conversely, 31% of IT leaders whose organizations stayed within budget attributed their success to accurate forecasting and budgeting, proactive monitoring of spending, and effective optimization.
The 2024 Flexera State of Cloud Report identifies the top cloud challenges as managing cloud spend, followed by security concerns and lack of expertise. Public cloud expenditures exceeded budgeted amounts by an average of 15%. The report also reveals that cost savings is the top cloud initiative for 60% of respondents. Furthermore, 65% measure cloud progress through cost savings, while 42% prioritize shorter time-to-market, indicating that cloud's promise of accelerated deployment is often overshadowed by cost concerns.
=== Service Level Agreements ===
Typically, cloud providers' [[Service-level agreement|Service Level Agreements]] (SLAs) do not encompass all forms of service interruptions. Exclusions typically include planned maintenance, downtime resulting from external factors such as network issues, [[
=== Leaky abstractions ===
Cloud computing [[Abstraction (computer science)|abstractions]] aim to simplify resource management, but [[
=== Service lock-in within the same vendor ===
Service lock-in within the same vendor occurs when a customer becomes dependent on specific services within a cloud vendor, making it challenging to switch to alternative services within the same vendor when their needs change.
===Security and privacy===
[[File:Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png|thumb|325px|right|Cloud suppliers security and privacy agreements must be aligned to the demand(s) requirements and
{{Main|Cloud computing security}}
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==Service models==
{{See also|As a service|l1="as a service"}}
[[File:Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.png|thumb|Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS|upright=2.4|center]]
[[File:Cloud computing service models (1).png|thumb|371x371px|Cloud computing service models arranged as layers in a stack]]
The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] recognized three cloud service models in 2011: [[Infrastructure as a service|Infrastructure as a Service]] (IaaS), [[Platform as a service|Platform as a Service]] (PaaS), and [[Software as a service|Software as a Service]] (SaaS).
===Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)===
{{Main|Infrastructure as a service}}
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to online services that provide high-level [[API]]s used to [[abstraction (computer science)|abstract]] various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources, ___location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup, etc. A [[hypervisor]] runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of [[
|title = Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud
|date = July 2012
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}}</ref> so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. It may also be free.<ref>{{cite web|title=HVD: the cloud's silver lining |url=http://www.intrinsictechnology.co.uk/FileUploads/HVD_Whitepaper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002231021/http://www.intrinsictechnology.co.uk/FileUploads/HVD_Whitepaper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2012 |publisher=Intrinsic Technology |access-date=30 August 2012 }}</ref> Proponents claim that SaaS gives a [[business]] the potential to reduce IT operational costs by [[outsourcing]] hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of [[Software as a service|SaaS]] comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. As a result,{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} there could be unauthorized access to the data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Yunchuan|last2=Zhang|first2=Junsheng|last3=Xiong|first3=Yongping|last4=Zhu|first4=Guangyu|date=2014-07-01|title=Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing|journal=International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|page=190903|doi=10.1155/2014/190903|s2cid=13213544|issn=1550-1477|doi-access=free}}</ref> Examples of applications offered as SaaS are [[cloud gaming|games]] and productivity software like Google Docs and Office Online. SaaS applications may be integrated with [[cloud storage]] or [[File hosting service]]s, which is the case with [[Google Docs]] being integrated with [[Google Drive]], and [[Office Online]] being integrated with [[OneDrive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Use OneDrive with Office |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/use-onedrive-with-office-b1c976de-ef52-4d53-950f-d48f2c6427df |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Microsoft Support |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015223322/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/use-onedrive-with-office-b1c976de-ef52-4d53-950f-d48f2c6427df |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Serverless computing===
{{Main|Serverless computing}}
==Deployment models==
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[[File:Cloud computing types.svg|thumb|395px|right|Cloud computing types]]
"A cloud deployment model represents the way in which cloud computing can be organized based on the control and sharing of physical or virtual resources."<ref name=":1" /> Cloud deployment models define the fundamental patterns of interaction between cloud customers and cloud providers. They do not detail implementation specifics or the configuration of resources.<ref name=":1" />
===Private{{anchor|Private cloud|Private Cloud}}===
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===Public===
{{
Cloud services are considered "public" when they are delivered over the public Internet, and they may be offered as a paid subscription, or free of charge.<ref>{{cite web|first=Margaret|last=Rouse|title=What is public cloud?|access-date=12 October 2014|url=http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/public-cloud|publisher=Definition from Whatis.com|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016022343/http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/public-cloud|url-status=live}}</ref> Architecturally, there are few differences between public- and private-cloud services, but security concerns increase substantially when services (applications, storage, and other resources) are shared by multiple customers. Most public-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications.<ref name="idc">{{cite web |date=2008-09-23 |title=Defining 'Cloud Services' and "Cloud Computing" |url=http://blogs.idc.com/ie/?p=190 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722074526/http://blogs.idc.com/ie/?p=190 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |access-date=2010-08-22 |publisher=IDC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.oracle.com/en_US/fastconnect|title=FastConnect {{!}} Oracle Cloud Infrastructure|website=cloud.oracle.com|access-date=2017-11-15|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115232022/https://cloud.oracle.com/en_US/fastconnect|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several factors like the functionality of the solutions, [[Costing|cost]], integrational and [[organization]]al aspects as well as [[Security|safety & security]] are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a public cloud or [[On-premises software|on-premises]] solution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=Rainer|last2=Möhring|first2=Michael|last3=Keller|first3=Barbara|date=2017|title=Customer Relationship Management in a Public Cloud environment - Key influencing factors for European enterprises|journal=HICSS|series=Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017)|doi=10.24251/HICSS.2017.513|hdl=10125/41673|isbn=9780998133102|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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Another example of hybrid cloud is one where [[Information technology|IT]] organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud.<ref>Metzler, Jim; Taylor, Steve. (2010-08-23) [http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/frame/2010/082310wan1.html "Cloud computing: Reality vs. fiction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619095824/http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/frame/2010/082310wan1.html |date=2013-06-19 }}, Network World.</ref> This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.<ref name="nist" /> [[Cloud bursting]] is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization pays for extra compute resources only when they are needed.<ref>Rouse, Margaret. [http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-bursting "Definition: Cloudbursting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319074247/http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-bursting |date=2013-03-19 }}, May 2011. SearchCloudComputing.com.</ref> Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insights.dice.com/2012/06/21/how-cloudbursting-rightsizes-the-data-center/|title=How Cloudbursting "Rightsizes" the Data Center|date=2012-06-22|access-date=2016-10-19|archive-date=2016-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019150709/http://insights.dice.com/2012/06/21/how-cloudbursting-rightsizes-the-data-center/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===
[[Community cloud]] shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether it is managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted internally or externally, the costs are distributed among fewer users compared to a public cloud (but more than a private cloud). As a result, only a portion of the potential cost savings of cloud computing is achieved.
<ref name="nist" />
===
{{Main|Multicloud}}
According to [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/IEC 22123-1: "multi-cloud is a cloud deployment model in which a customer uses public cloud services provided by two or more cloud service providers". <ref>{{Cite journal |title=ISO/IEC 22123-1:2023(E) - Information technology — Cloud computing — Part 1: Vocabulary |journal=International Organization for Standardization |pages=2}}</ref> Poly cloud refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers. It differs from Multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more than could be done with a single provider.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hub.packtpub.com/polycloud-a-better-alternative-to-cloud-agnosticism/|title=Polycloud: a better alternative to cloud agnosticism|last=Gall|first=Richard|date=2018-05-16|website=Packt Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111115325/https://hub.packtpub.com/polycloud-a-better-alternative-to-cloud-agnosticism/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Market==
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*concerns about [[contract]]s including reservations about data access and ownership, [[data portability]], and [[change control]]
*variations in standards applicable to cloud computing
The ''Communication'' set out a series of "digital agenda actions" which the Commission proposed to undertake in order to support the development of a fair and effective market for cloud computing services.<ref name=ec529 />{{rp|Pages
== Cloud Computing Vendors ==
As of 2025, the three largest cloud computing providers by market share, commonly referred to as hyperscalers, are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global cloud infrastructure market share 2024 {{!}} Statista |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/967365/worldwide-cloud-infrastructure-services-market-share-vendor/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250118002217/https://www.statista.com/statistics/967365/worldwide-cloud-infrastructure-services-market-share-vendor/ |archive-date=2025-01-18 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gartner Says Worldwide IaaS Public Cloud Services Revenue Grew 16.2% i |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-07-22-gartner-says-worldwide-iaas-public-cloud-services-revenue-grew-16-point-2-percent-in-2023 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Gartner |language=en}}</ref> These companies dominate the global cloud market due to their extensive infrastructure, broad service offerings, and scalability.
In recent years, organizations have increasingly adopted alternative cloud providers, which offer specialized services that distinguish them from hyperscalers. These providers may offer advantages such as lower costs, improved cost transparency and predictability, enhanced data sovereignty (particularly within regions such as the European Union to comply with regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)), stronger alignment with local regulatory requirements, or industry-specific services.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Linthicum |first=David |title=AN INSIDER'S GUIDE TO CLOUD COMPUTING |date=2022 |publisher=ADDISON WESLEY |isbn=978-0-13-793578-9 |___location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref>
Alternative cloud providers are often part of multi-cloud strategies, where organizations use multiple cloud services—both from hyperscalers and specialized providers—to optimize performance, compliance, and cost efficiency. However, they do not necessarily serve as direct replacements for hyperscalers, as their offerings are typically more specialized.<ref name=":10" />
==Similar concepts==
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<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Block-level storage]]
* [[Browser-based computing]]
* [[:Category:Cloud computing providers]]
* [[:Category:Cloud platforms]]
* [[Cloud computing architecture]]
* [[Cloud broker]]
* [[Cloud collaboration]]
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* [[Edge computing]]
* [[Edge device]]
* [[Exchange-traded fund]]
* [[File system]]
** [[Clustered file system]]
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* {{cite book|last1=Hu|first1=Tung-Hui|title=A Prehistory of the Cloud|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-02951-3}}
* Mell, P. (2011, September). ''[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing]''. Retrieved November 1, 2015, from National Institute of Standards and Technology website
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