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{{Short description|none}}
{{Year nav topic5|2018|science}}▼
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Science year nav|2018}}
A number of significant scientific events occurred in '''2018'''. <!--The United Nations has declared 2018 the ''International Year of ???''.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Years|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/international-years/|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=???}}</ref>-->
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**NASA and NOAA report that 2017 was the hottest year on record globally without an [[El Niño]], and among the top three hottest years overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/2017-ranked-among-three-hottest-years-ever/|title=2017 Ranked Among Three Hottest Years Ever |date=18 January 2018 |website=Scientific American |access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/18/2017-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-without-el-nino-boost |title=2017 was the hottest year on record without El Niño boost |date=18 January 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=19 January 2018 }}</ref>
**Researchers report developing a [[blood test]] (or [[liquid biopsy]]) that can detect eight common [[cancer]] tumors early. The new test, based on cancer-related [[DNA]] and [[protein]]s found in the blood, produced 70% positive results in the tumor-types studied in 1005 patients.<ref name="SCI-20180119">{{cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=Jocelyn |title='Liquid biopsy' for cancer promises early detection |date=19 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6373 |page=259 |doi=10.1126/science.359.6373.259 |pmid=29348215 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..259K }}</ref><ref name="LAT-20180118">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |title=This new blood test can detect early signs of 8 kinds of cancer |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-blood-test-cancer-20180118-story.html |date=18 January 2018 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=18 January 2018 }}</ref>
**[[Shark]]s are shown to move and feed across the world's oceans in characteristic ways as demonstrated by a global-scale study of [[Stable isotope ratio|stable isotopes]] in shark tissues led by the University of Southampton and published in the journal ''[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bird|first1=Christopher S.|last2=Veríssimo|first2=Ana|last3=Magozzi|first3=Sarah|last4=Abrantes|first4=Kátya G.|last5=Aguilar|first5=Alex|last6=Al-Reasi|first6=Hassan|last7=Barnett|first7=Adam|last8=Bethea|first8=Dana M.|last9=Biais|first9=Gérard|date=2018|title=A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|language=En|volume=2|issue=2|pages=299–305|doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0432-z|pmid=29348645|bibcode=2018NatEE...2..299B |issn=2397-334X|hdl=2445/120429|s2cid=4437883|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/417293/1/Bird_et_al_submmission.merged.pdf}}</ref>
**According to a new report published by the US [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), the US is facing increasing competition in scientific endeavours from China, with the latter now publishing more annual scientific papers, but the US still leads in [[research and development]] (R&D) and [[venture capital]] (VC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=244271|title=State of US science enterprise report shows US leads in S&E as China rapidly advances|date=18 January 2018|website=US National Science Foundation|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610023/china-publishes-more-scientific-articles-than-the-us/|title=China Publishes More Scientific Articles Than the U.S|date=18 January 2018|website=MIT Technology Review|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>
**Medical researchers at the [[Gladstone Institutes]] discover a method of turning [[skin]] cells into [[stem cell]]s, with the use of CRISPR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/researchers-create-first-stem-cells-using-crispr-genome-activation|title=Researchers Create First Stem Cells Using CRISPR Genome Activation|date=18 January 2018|website=Gladstone Institutes|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180118162449.htm|title=Researchers create first stem cells using CRISPR genome activation|date=18 January 2018|website=Science Daily|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
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**[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] opens the first [[Amazon Go]] store, the first completely [[cashier]]-less grocery store.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/b?node=16008589011|title=Amazon Go|date=22 January 2018|website=Amazon|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2018/1/22/16920784/amazon-go-cashier-less-grocery-store-seattle-shoplifting-punishment-detection|title=Amazon doesn't care if you accidentally shoplift from its cashier-less store|date=22 January 2018|website=The Verge|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/the-future-of-shopping-amazon-go-launches-cashless-supermarket-with-no-cashiers-lines-or-registers/news-story/43bc168c8d47cd9fb2e65bcd0c629642|title=People are lining up to shop at Amazon Go's new "queue-free" concept store|date=23 January 2018|website=news.com.au|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
**Engineers at MIT develop a new computer chip, with "[[neuromorphic engineering|artificial synapses]]," which process information more like [[neuron]]s in a [[brain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2018/engineers-design-artificial-synapse-brain-on-a-chip-hardware-0122|title=Engineers design artificial synapse for "brain-on-a-chip" hardware|date=22 January 2018|website=MIT|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610038/an-artificial-synapse-could-make-brain-on-a-chip-hardware-a-reality/|title=An artificial synapse could make brain-on-a-chip hardware a reality|date=22 January 2018|website=MIT Technology Review|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
*24 January – Scientists in China report in the journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'' the creation of two [[monkey]] [[Clone (cell biology)|clones]], named ''[[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua|Zhong Zhong]]'' and ''[[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua|Hua Hua]]'', using the [[Somatic cell nuclear transfer|complex DNA transfer method]] that produced [[Dolly (sheep)|''Dolly'' the sheep]], for the first time.<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen |display-authors=etal |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180124">{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20180124">{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref>
*25 January
** Researchers report evidence that [[modern humans]] [[Early human expansions out of Africa|migrated from Africa]] at least as early as [[Middle Paleolithic|194,000 years ago]], somewhat consistent with recent genetic studies, and much earlier than previously thought.<ref name="SCI-20180126">{{cite journal |author=Herschkovitz, Israel |display-authors=etal |title=The earliest modern humans outside Africa |date=26 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6374 |pages=456–459 |doi=10.1126/science.aap8369 |pmid=29371468 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..456H |doi-access=free |hdl=10072/372670 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180125">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/science/jawbone-fossil-israel.html |date=25 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 June 2018 }}</ref>
**Scientists working for [[Calico (company)|Calico]], a company owned by [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]], publish a paper in the journal ''[[eLife]]'' which presents possible evidence that ''[[naked mole-rat|Heterocephalus glaber]]'' (naked mole-rat) do not face increased mortality risk due to aging.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calicolabs.com/news/2018/01/25/|title=Calico Scientists Publish Paper in eLife Demonstrating that the Naked Mole Rat's Risk of Death Does Not Increase With Age|date=25 January 2018|website=Calico|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202915/https://www.calicolabs.com/news/2018/01/25/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/naked-mole-rats-defy-biological-law-aging|title=Naked mole rats defy the biological law of aging|date=26 January 2018|website=Science Magazine – AAAS|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruby |first1=Graham |last2=Smith |first2=Megan |last3=Buffenstein |first3=Rochelle |date=25 January 2018 |title=Naked mole-rat mortality rates defy Gompertzian laws by not increasing with age|journal=eLife|volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.31157 |pmid=29364116 |pmc=5783610 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*29 January – Scientists report, for the first time, that 800 million [[virus]]es, mainly of [[Marine biology|marine origin]], are deposited daily from the [[Earth]]{{'s}} [[atmosphere]] onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system, but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.<ref name="NYT-20180413">{{cite news |last=Robbins |first=Jim |title=Trillions Upon Trillions of Viruses Fall From the Sky Each Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/science/virosphere-evolution.html |date=13 April 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ISME-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Reche |first1=Isabel |last2=D'Orta |first2=Gaetano |last3=Mladenov |first3=Natalie |last4=Winget |first4= Danielle M |last5=Suttle |first5= Curtis A |title=Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer |journal=ISME Journal |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=1154–1162 |date=29 January 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41396-017-0042-4 |pmid=29379178 |pmc=5864199 |bibcode=2018ISMEJ..12.1154R }}</ref>
=== February ===
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* 5 February
**Researchers find additional evidence for an exotic form of [[water]], called [[superionic water]], which is not found naturally on [[Earth]], but could be common on the planets [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].<ref name="NP-20180205">{{cite journal |author=Millot, Marius |display-authors=etal |title=Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression |date=5 February 2018 |journal=[[Nature Physics]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=297–302 |doi=10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4 |bibcode=2018NatPh..14..297M |osti=1542614 |s2cid=125728756 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1542614 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Newly Discovered Form of Water Ice Is 'Really Strange' - Long theorized to be found in the mantles of Uranus and Neptune, the confirmation of the existence of superionic ice could lead to the development of new materials. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/science/superionic-water-neptune-uranus.html |date=5 February 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref>
**Astronomers report evidence, for the first time, that [[extragalactic exoplanet]]s, much more distant than the [[exoplanet]]s found within the local [[Milky Way]] galaxy, may exist.<ref name="NG-20180205">{{cite web |last=Zachos |first=Elaine |title=More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy – A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/exoplanets-discovery-milky-way-galaxy-spd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205224628/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/exoplanets-discovery-milky-way-galaxy-spd/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |date=5 February 2018 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20180205">{{cite web |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=Scientists Find Evidence of Thousands of Planets in Distant Galaxy |url=https://gizmodo.com/scientists-find-evidence-of-thousands-of-planets-in-dis-1822727151 |date=5 February 2018 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref>
* 6 February
**[[SpaceX]] successfully conducts its maiden flight of its most powerful rocket to date, and the most powerful rocket since the [[Space Shuttle program]], the [[Falcon Heavy]], from [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39A]] at [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref name="BBC-20180206">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42969020|title=Elon Musk's Falcon Heavy rocket launches successfully|journal=BBC News|access-date=6 February 2018|date=2018-02-07|last1=Amos|first1=Jonathan}}</ref>
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* 19 February – Scientists identify traces of the genes of the indigenous [[Taíno]] people in modern-day [[Puerto Ricans]], indicating that the ethnic group was not extinct as previously believed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Study_identifies_traces_of_Taino_in_present_day_Caribbean_populations?profile=1228|title=Study identifies traces of 'Taino' in present day Caribbean populations|website = [[The Jamaica Observer]]|access-date = 2 March 2018}}</ref>
* 21 February – Medical researchers report that [[e-cigarettes]] contain chemicals known to cause [[cancer]] and [[brain damage]]; as well as, contain potentially dangerous (even potentially toxic) levels of metals, including [[arsenic]], [[chromium]], [[lead]], [[manganese]] and [[nickel]].<ref name="AAAS-20180222">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Study: Lead and other toxic metals found in e-cigarette 'vapors' – Potentially dangerous levels of metals leak from some e-cigarette heating coils |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-02/jhub-sla022118.php |date=21 February 2018 |website=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |access-date=23 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NIH-201802">{{cite journal |author=Olmedo, Pablo |display-authors=etal |title=Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils |date=February 2018 |journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] |volume=126 |issue=2 |page=027010 |doi=10.1289/EHP2175 |pmid=29467105 |pmc=6066345 }}</ref><ref name="USN-20180222">{{cite web |last=Lardieri |first=Alexa |title=Study: Potentially Toxic Level of Metals Found in E-Cigarettes – Researchers found chemicals in e-cigarettes that can lead to cancer and brain damage |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/health-care-news/articles/2018-02-23/study-potentially-toxic-level-of-metals-found-in-e-cigarettes |date=22 February 2018 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=23 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PED-20180301">{{cite journal |author=Rubinstein, Mark L. |display-authors=etal |title=Adolescent Exposure to Toxic Volatile Organic Chemicals From E-Cigarettes |url= |date= March 2018 |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=e20173557 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-3557 |pmid=29507165 |pmc=5869331 }}</ref>
*28 February – Astronomers report, for the first time, a signal of the [[reionization]] epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed – about 180 million years after the [[Big Bang]].<ref name="NAT-20180228">{{cite journal |last=Gibney |first=Elizabeth |title=Astronomers detect light from the Universe's first stars − Surprises in signal from cosmic dawn also hint at presence of dark matter |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02616-8 |date=28 February 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |access-date=28 February 2018 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02616-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180228">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=When Stars Were Born: Earliest Starlight's Effects Are Detected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/28/science/stars-dark-energy.html |date=28 February 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref>
=== March ===
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** [[Google]] announces the creation of "Bristlecone", the world's most advanced [[quantum computer]] chip, featuring 72 [[qubits]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610423/google-has-built-the-worlds-most-advanced-quantum-chip/|title=Google has built the world's most advanced quantum chip|date=6 March 2018|website=Technology Review|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristlecone-googles-new.html|title=A Preview of Bristlecone, Google's New Quantum Processor |date=5 March 2018|website=Google|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Iceviistructure-ru.gif|thumb|right|200px|8 March: First detection of natural [[Ice VII]] (see structure above) on Earth.<ref name="SCI-20180308" /><ref name="LAT-20180309" />]]
*8 March – Scientists report the first detection of natural [[ice VII]] on Earth, previously it was only produced artificially. It may be common on the moons [[Enceladus]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].<ref name="SCI-20180308">{{cite journal |last=Perkins |first=Sid |title=Pockets of water may lay deep below Earth's surface |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/pockets-water-may-lay-deep-below-earth-s-surface |date=8 March 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat5630 |access-date=9 March 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="LAT-20180309">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |title=What scientists found trapped in a diamond: a type of ice not known on Earth |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-water-in-diamonds-20180308-story.html |date=9 March 2018 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
*9 March – NASA medical researchers report that [[human spaceflight]] may alter [[gene expression]] in [[astronaut]]s, based on [[twin studies]] where one astronaut twin, [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott Kelly]], spent nearly one year in space while the other, [[Mark Kelly]], remained on Earth.<ref name="TT-20180309">{{cite news |last=Hermitanio |first=Maui |title=Twins Study Update: NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Altered In Space |url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/222657/20180309/twins-study-update-nasa-astronaut-scott-kellys-dna-altered-after-one-year-in-space.htm |date=9 March 2018 |work=TechTimes.com |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="GK-20180311">{{cite web |last=Mlot |first=Stephanie |title=Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed in Space |url=https://www.geek.com/science/astronaut-scott-kellys-dna-changed-in-space-1733389/ |date=11 March 2018 |website=[[Geek.com]] |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093627/https://www.geek.com/science/astronaut-scott-kellys-dna-changed-in-space-1733389/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180131">{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Monica |last2=Abadie |first2=Laurie |title=NASA Twins Study Confirms Preliminary Findings |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings |date=31 January 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
*13 March – Scientists report that ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', a [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] [[feathered dinosaur]], was likely capable of [[Bird flight|flight]], but in a manner substantially different from that of [[Birds|modern birds]].<ref name="NAT-20180313">{{cite journal |author=Voeten, Dennis F.A.E. |display-authors=etal |title=Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx |date=13 March 2018 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=9 |page=923 |number=923 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 |pmid=29535376 |pmc=5849612 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..923V }}</ref><ref name="WP-20180313">{{cite news |last=Guarino |first=Ben |title=This feathery dinosaur probably flew, but not like any bird you know |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/03/13/this-feathery-dinosaur-probably-flew-but-not-like-any-bird-you-know/ |date=13 March 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=13 March 2018 }}</ref>
*15 March
**[[Intel]] reports that it will redesign its [[
**Researchers at the Gladstone Institutes report a new [[cell therapy|cellular therapy]] in the journal ''[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]]'' which shows promise in combating the effects of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palop |first1=Jorge |last2=Losa |first2=Magdalena |last3=Tracy |first3=Tara |last4=Ma |first4=Keran |last5=Verret |first5=Laure |last6=Perez |first6=Alexandra |last7=Khan |first7=Abdullah |last8=Cobos |first8=Inma |last9=Ho |first9=Kaitlyn |last10=Gan |first10=Li |last11=Mucke |first11=Lennart |last12=Dolado |first12=Manuel |date=15 March 2018 |title=Nav1.1-Overexpressing Interneuron Transplants Restore Brain Rhythms and Cognition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease |url= |journal=Neuron |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=75–89.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.029 |pmid=29551491 |pmc=5886814 |hdl=10261/165766 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/cell-therapy-could-improve-brain-functions-impaired-alzheimer-s-disease|title=Cell Therapy Could Improve Brain Functions Impaired by Alzheimer's Disease|publisher=Gladstone Institutes|date=15 March 2018|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>
*19 March – [[Uber]] suspends all of its [[self-driving cars]] worldwide after a woman is killed by one of the vehicles in Arizona. This is the first recorded fatality using a fully automated version of the technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610572/a-self-driving-uber-has-killed-a-pedestrian-in-arizona/|title=A self-driving Uber has killed a pedestrian in Arizona|publisher=Technology Review|date=19 March 2018|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
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* 5 April – [[Odilorhabdin]]s, a novel class of naturally-produced [[antibiotics]], is formally described.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lucile Pantel |display-authors=etal |title=Odilorhabdins, Antibacterial Agents that Cause Miscoding by Binding at a New Ribosomal Site |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=83–94.e7 |journal=Cell |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.001 |pmid=29625040| date=5 April 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 10 April – Researchers in Japan report finding centuries' worth of [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth metals]] in deep sea mud, located near [[Minami-Tori-shima]] in the northwest Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The tremendous potential of deep-sea mud as a source of rare-earth elements|date=10 April 2018|journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8|issue=1|pages=5763|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.5763T|last1=Takaya|first1=Yutaro|last2=Yasukawa|first2=Kazutaka|last3=Kawasaki|first3=Takehiro|last4=Fujinaga|first4=Koichiro|last5=Ohta|first5=Junichiro|last6=Usui|first6=Yoichi|last7=Nakamura|first7=Kentaro|last8=Kimura|first8=Jun-Ichi|last9=Chang|first9=Qing|last10=Hamada|first10=Morihisa|last11=Dodbiba|first11=Gjergj|last12=Nozaki|first12=Tatsuo|last13=Iijima|first13=Koichi|last14=Morisawa|first14=Tomohiro|last15=Kuwahara|first15=Takuma|last16=Ishida|first16=Yasuyuki|last17=Ichimura|first17=Takao|last18=Kitazume|first18=Masaki|last19=Fujita|first19=Toyohisa|last20=Kato|first20=Yasuhiro|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-23948-5|pmid=29636486|pmc=5893572}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A massive, 'semi-infinite' trove of rare-earth metals has been found in Japan|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/12/japan-rare-earths-huge-deposit-of-metals-found-in-pacific.html|date=12 April 2018|website=CNBC |access-date=12 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Japan team maps 'semi-infinite' trove of rare earth elements|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/04/11/national/japan-team-maps-semi-infinite-trove-rare-earth-elements/|date=11 April 2018|journal=The Japan Times Online|access-date=12 April 2018 }}</ref>
* 11 April – Two studies, both published in ''Nature'',<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Anomalously weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years|date=11 April 2018|journal=Nature |volume=556|issue=7700|pages=227–230|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0007-4|pmid=29643484|last1=Thornalley|first1=David J. R.|last2=Oppo|first2=Delia W.|author-link2=Delia Oppo|last3=Ortega|first3=Pablo|last4=Robson|first4=Jon I.|last5=Brierley|first5=Chris M.|last6=Davis|first6=Renee|last7=Hall|first7=Ian R.|last8=Moffa-Sanchez|first8=Paola|last9=Rose|first9=Neil L.|last10=Spooner|first10=Peter T.|last11=Yashayaev|first11=Igor|last12=Keigwin|first12=Lloyd D.|bibcode=2018Natur.556..227T|s2cid=4771341|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/27618/1/27618.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation|date=11 April 2018|journal=Nature |volume=556|issue=7700|pages=191–196|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5|pmid=29643485|last1=Caesar|first1=L.|last2=Rahmstorf|first2=S.|last3=Robinson|first3=A.|last4=Feulner|first4=G.|last5=Saba|first5=V.|bibcode=2018Natur.556..191C|s2cid=4781781|url=http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/13174/1/CL-geography_observed.pdf}}</ref> find that the warm Atlantic [[Gulf Stream]] is at its weakest for at least 1,600 years.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years, studies show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/11/critical-gulf-stream-current-weakest-for-1600-years-research-finds |date=12 April 2018|journal=The Guardian |access-date=12 April 2018 |last1=
* 17 April – Engineers at MIT develop a new more efficient method of producing long strips of graphene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.mit.edu/2018/manufacturing-graphene-rolls-ultrathin-membranes-0418|title=A graphene roll-out|date=17 April 2018|website=MIT|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/machines/mass-produce-graphene-solved|title=MIT may have just solved how to mass-produce graphene|date=19 April 2018|website=Silicon Republic|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>
* 18 April
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*26 April
**Scientists report that a [[letter of intent]] was signed by [[NASA]] and [[ESA]] which may provide a basis for sample return missions to other planets, including [[Mars sample return mission]]s, with the purpose of better studying the possible existence of past or present [[Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] [[Earliest known life forms|primitive life forms]], including [[microorganisms]].<ref name="BBC-20180426">{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |title=Space agencies intent on mission to deliver Mars rocks to Earth |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43907326 |date=26 April 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=26 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name= NASAmars>{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/21666/bringing-mars-back-to-earth/|title=Bringing Mars Back To Earth| work= NASA Science |date=26 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180426">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Video (02:22) – Bringing Mars Back To Earth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ie3-UwPLUho |date=26 April 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=27 April 2018 }}</ref>
**Scientists identify 44 gene variants linked to increased risk for [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Gene map for depression' sparks hopes of new generation of treatments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/apr/26/gene-map-for-depression-sparks-hopes-of-new-generation-of-treatments|date=26 April 2018|journal=The Guardian|access-date=27 April 2018 |last1=
** The [[Belle II experiment]] starts taking data to study [[B meson]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kek.jp/en/newsroom/2018/04/26/0700/|title=Electrons and Positrons Collide for the first time in the SuperKEKB Accelerator|date=26 April 2018|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref>
*27 April – [[Stephen Hawking]]'s final paper – ''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FJHEP04%282018%29147 A smooth exit from eternal inflation?]'' – is published in the ''[[Journal of High Energy Physics]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/erc-hlp043018.php|title=Hawking's last paper co-authored with ERC grantee posits new cosmology|work=EurekAlert!|date=2 May 2018|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
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*5 May – The [[InSight]] spacecraft, designed to study the interior and subsurface of the planet [[Mars]], successfully launches at 11:05 UTC, with an expected arrival on 26 November 2018.<ref name="NYT-20180505">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's InSight Launches for Six-Month Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/science/nasa-mars-insight-launch.html |date=5 May 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180505">{{cite web |last1=Agle |first1=D.C. |last2=Good |first2=Andrew |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |last4=Wendel |first4=JoAnna |title=NASA, ULA Launch Mission to Study How Mars Was Made |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7114 |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=5 May 2018 }}</ref>
*9 May – Scientists report that the curious physical phenomenon of [[quantum entanglement]] is even more supported based on recent rigorous [[Bell test experiments|Bell test experimentations]].<ref name="NAT-20180509">{{cite journal |author=The BIG Bell Test Collaboration |title=Challenging local realism with human choices |date=9 May 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0085-3 |pmid=29743691 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..212B |arxiv=1805.04431 |s2cid=13665914 }}</ref><ref name="GIZ-20180511">{{cite web |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=100,000 Video Game Players Helped Scientists Prove Einstein Wrong |url=https://gizmodo.com/100-000-video-game-players-helped-scientists-prove-eins-1825935176 |date=11 May 2018 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=12 May 2018 }}</ref>
*10 May – NASA's [[Carbon monitoring|Carbon Monitoring System (CMS)]] is cancelled by the [[
*11 May – NASA approves the [[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Mars Helicopter]] for the [[Mars 2020]] mission.<ref name="NASA-20180511b">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Wendel |first2=JoAnna |last3=Agle |first3=DC |last4=Northon |first4=Karen |title=Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/mars-helicopter-to-fly-on-nasa-s-next-red-planet-rover-mission |date=11 May 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180511">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=A Helicopter on Mars? NASA Wants to Try |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/11/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 May 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="VRG-20180511">{{cite web |last=Gush |first=Loren |title=NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird's-eye view of the planet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/11/17346414/nasa-mars-2020-helicopter-atmosphere |date=11 May 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>
*14 May
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* 17 May – Scientists warn that banned [[CFC-11]] gas emissions are originating from an unknown source somewhere in East Asia, with potential to damage the [[ozone layer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/east-asia-may-be-releasing-cfc-chemicals-2018-5 |author=Peter Farquhar |work=Business Insider |___location=Australia |date=18 May 2018 |title='Someone in East Asia' has been blasting the Earth's ozone layer with a banned chemical}}</ref>
* 22 May
**Scientists report another
**Scientists from Purdue University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences report the use of [[CRISPR]]/Cas9 to develop a variety of [[rice]] producing 25-31% more grain than traditional breeding methods.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR-edited rice plants produce major boost in grain yield |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-crispr-edited-rice-major-boost-grain.html |date=22 May 2018 |website=PhysOrg |access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref>
**Significant [[asteroid]] data arising from the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] and [[NEO-WISE|NEOWISE]] missions is questioned.<ref name="ICARUS-20180522">{{cite journal |last=Myhrvold |first=Nathan |author-link=Nathan Myhrvold |title=An empirical examination of WISE/NEOWISE asteroid analysis and results |date=22 May 2018 |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=314 |pages=64–97 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.004 |bibcode=2018Icar..314...64M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180614">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/science/asteroids-nasa-nathan-myhrvold.html |date=14 June 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 June 2018 }}</ref>
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* 24 May
**Based largely on government data, including data from [[NASA]], [[FEMA]] and others, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reports an exhaustive overview of recurrent [[List of natural disasters in the United States|natural disasters]] in the [[United States]] since 1900.<ref name="NYT-20180524">{{cite news |last=Chinoy |first=Sahil |title=The Places in the U.S. Where Disaster Strikes Again and Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/24/us/disasters-hurricanes-wildfires-storms.html |date=24 May 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 May 2018 }}</ref>
**Astronomers claim that the [[dwarf planet]] [[Pluto]] may have been [[Pluto#Origin|formed]] as a result of the agglomeration of numerous [[comet]]s and related [[Kuiper belt]] objects.<ref name="SP-20180524">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Pluto May Have Formed from 1 Billion Comets |url=https://www.space.com/40687-pluto-formation-1-billion-comets.html |date=24 May 2018 |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=24 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20180524">{{Cite journal|last1=Glein |first1=Christopher R. |last2=Waite
**Researchers at the University of Leeds report that climate change could increase [[arable land]] in [[Subarctic climate|boreal regions]] by 44% by the year 2100, while having a negative impact everywhere else.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate change could increase arable land |url=https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4237/climate_change_could_increase_arable_land |date=24 May 2018 |website=University of Leeds |access-date=25 May 2018 }}</ref>
* 30 May
**The first [[3D printing|3D printed]] human [[cornea]]s are created at Newcastle University.<ref>{{cite web |title=3D printed human corneas created at Newcastle University |url=https://www.ft.com/content/39079a94-6361-11e8-a39d-4df188287fff |date=30 May 2018 |website=FT |access-date=31 May 2018 }}</ref>
**The FDA approves the first artificial [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm609291.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531233216/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm609291.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 31, 2018 |title=FDA approves first artificial iris |publisher=FDA |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
**Physicists of the [[MiniBooNE]] experiment report a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of [[sterile neutrino]]s, an elusive particle that may pass through matter without any interaction whatsoever.<ref name="LS-20180601">{{cite web |last=Letzter |first=Rafi |title=A Major Physics Experiment Just Detected A Particle That Shouldn't Exist |url=https://www.livescience.com/62721-sterile-neutrino-detected-fermilab.html |date=1 June 2018 |website=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=3 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20180530">{{cite journal |title=Observation of a Significant Excess of Electron-Like Events in the MiniBooNE Short-Baseline Neutrino Experiment |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=121 |issue=22 |pages=221801 |arxiv=1805.12028 |collaboration=MiniBooNE Collaboration |last1=Aguilar-Arevalo |first1=A. A. |last2=Brown |first2=B. C. |last3=Bugel |first3=L. |last4=Cheng |first4=G. |last5=Conrad |first5=J. M. |last6=Cooper |first6=R. L. |last7=Dharmapalan |first7=R. |last8=Diaz |first8=A. |last9=Djurcic |first9=Z. |last10=Finley |first10=D. A. |last11=Ford |first11=R. |last12=Garcia |first12=F. G. |last13=Garvey |first13=G. T. |last14=Grange |first14=J. |last15=Huang |first15=E-C. |last16=Huelsnitz |first16=W. |last17=Ignarra |first17=C. |last18=Johnson |first18=R. A. |last19=Karagiorgi |first19=G. |last20=Katori |first20=T. |last21=Kobilarcik |first21=T. |last22=Louis |first22=W. C. |last23=Mariani |first23=C. |last24=Marsh |first24=W. |last25=Mills |first25=G. B. |last26=Mirabal |first26=J. |last27=Monroe |first27=J. |last28=Moore |first28=C. D. |last29=Mousseau |first29=J. |display-authors=5 |year=2018|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.221801 |pmid=30547637 |bibcode=2018PhRvL.121v1801A |s2cid=53999758 }}</ref>
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**Footprints in the [[Yangtze Gorges]] area of South China, dating back [[Ediacaran|546 million years]], are reported to be the earliest known record of an animal with legs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oldest 'footprints' found in China |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44404246 |date=7 June 2018 |journal=BBC News |access-date=8 June 2018 }}</ref>
**The spacecraft [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'']] assumes a final (and much closer) orbit around the [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]: as close as {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} and as far away as {{convert|4000|km|mi|abbr=on}} (see [[Commons:Category:Dawn Ceres XMO7 phase|images]]).<ref name="NASA-20180613mr">{{cite web |last=Rayman |first=Marc |title=Dawn – Mission Status |url=https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_2018.html |date=13 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SFN-20180615">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Dawn spacecraft flying low over Ceres |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/06/15/dawn-spacecraft-flying-low-over-ceres/ |date=15 June 2018 |website=SpaceFlightNow.com |access-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref>
* 7 June – NASA announces that the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] has detected a cyclical seasonal variation in [[Atmosphere of Mars|atmospheric]] [[methane]] (see [[:File:PIA22328-MarsCuriosityRover-Methane-SeasonalCycle-20180607.jpg|image]]) on the planet [[Mars]], as well as the presence of [[kerogen]] and other complex [[organic compound]]s.<ref name="NASA-20180607">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Wendel |first2=JoAnna |last3=Steigerwald |first3=Bill |last4=Jones |first4=Nancy |last5=Good |first5=Andrew |title=Release 18-050 – NASA Finds Ancient Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-finds-ancient-organic-material-mysterious-methane-on-mars |date=7 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180607vid">{{cite web |author=NASA |title=Ancient Organics Discovered on Mars – video (03:17) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0gsz8EHiNc |date=7 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20180607">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Curiosity Rover Finds Ancient 'Building Blocks for Life' on Mars |url=https://www.space.com/40819-mars-methane-organics-curiosity-rover.html |date=7 June 2018 |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180607">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' - The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/science/mars-nasa-life.html |date=7 June 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180607">{{cite journal |last=Voosen |first=Paul |title=NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-rover-hits-organic-pay-dirt-mars |date=7 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | doi = 10.1126/science.aau3992 |s2cid=115442477 |access-date=7 June 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180608a">{{cite journal |last=ten Kate |first=Inge Loes |title=Organic molecules on Mars |date=8 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1068–1069 |doi=10.1126/science.aat2662|pmid=29880670 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1068T |hdl=1874/366378 |s2cid=46952468 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180608b">{{cite journal |author=Webster, Christopher R. |display-authors=etal |title=Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations |date=8 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1093–1096 |doi=10.1126/science.aaq0131|pmid=29880682 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1093W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180608c">{{cite journal |author=Eigenbrode, Jennifer L. |display-authors=etal |author-link1=Jennifer Eigenbrode|title=Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars |date=8 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1096–1101 |doi= 10.1126/science.aas9185|pmid=29880683 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1096E |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/60810 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* 8 June – The U.S. Department of Energy's [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] unveils [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]] as the world's most powerful [[supercomputer]], with a peak performance of 200,000 trillion calculations per second, or 200 [[petaflops]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ORNL Launches Summit Supercomputer |url=https://www.ornl.gov/news/ornl-launches-summit-supercomputer |date=8 June 2018 |website=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Summit Up and Running at Oak Ridge, Claims First Exascale Application |url=https://www.top500.org/news/summit-up-and-running-at-oak-ridge-claims-first-exascale-application/ |date=9 June 2018 |website=Top500 |access-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref>
* 11 June – [[KATRIN]], an experiment designed to measure the absolute mass of [[neutrino]]s, starts data-taking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kit.edu/kit/english/pi_2018_069_neutrinos-weighed-by-the-world-s-most-precise-scale.php|title=The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment KATRIN Starts – Official Inauguration Colloquium on June 11 – Germany's Federal Minister of Research: "an experiment of superlatives"|date=11 June 2018|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>
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*26 June – Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, develop synthetic [[T cells]] that mimic the form and function of real human versions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers develop synthetic T cells that mimic form, function of human version |url=https://www.phys.org/news/2018-06-synthetic-cells-mimic-function-human.html |date=26 June 2018 |website=PhysOrg |access-date=28 June 2018 }}</ref>
* 27 June
** Astronomers report that [[ʻOumuamua]], an object from [[Interstellar medium|interstellar space]] passing through the [[Solar System]], is a mildly active [[comet]], and not an [[asteroid]], as previously thought. This was determined by measuring a non-gravitational boost to ʻOumuamua's acceleration, consistent with comet outgassing. ([[:File:PIA22357-InterstellarObject-'Oumuamua-ExitsSolarSystem.jpg|image]]) ([https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA22357_JPL-20180620-ASTRDSf-0007-Interstellar%20Asteroid%20animation-720p.mp4 animation])<ref name="NYT-20180627">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Oumuamua Is a Comet, Really. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/science/oumuamua-comet-asteroid.html |date=27 June 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180627">{{cite journal |last=Witze |first=Alexandra |title=Mysterious interstellar visitor is a comet — not an asteroid – Quirks in 'Oumuamua's path through the Solar System helped researchers solve a case of mistaken identity |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05552-9 |date=27 June 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05552-9 |s2cid=126317359 |access-date=27 June 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180627nasa">{{cite web |last1=Cofield |first1=Calla |last2=Chou |first2=Felicia |last3=Wendel |first3=JoAnna |last4=Weaver |first4=Donna |last5=Villard |first5=Ray |title=Our Solar System's First Known Interstellar Object Gets Unexpected Speed Boost |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7173 |date=27 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref>
** Astronomers report the detection of [[Organic compound|complex macromolecular organics]] on [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], moon of the planet [[Saturn]].<ref name="NAT-20180627nat">{{cite journal |author=Postberg, Frank |display-authors=etal |title=Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus |date=27 June 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=558 |issue=7711 |pages=564–568 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0246-4 |pmid=29950623 |pmc=6027964 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..564P }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180627">{{cite web |last1=McCartney |first1=Gretchen |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Wendel |first3=JoAnna |last4=Bauer |first4=Markus |title=Complex Organics Bubble up from Enceladus |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7174 |date=27 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref>
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* 8 August
** Biologists report that [[Stromatoveris psygmoglena]], an [[Ediacaran biota|Ediacaran organism]] that dominated oceans half a billion years ago, was a member of [[Animal]]ia, based on [[phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name="SCI-20180808a">{{cite journal |last=Barras |first=Colin |title=These half-billion-year-old creatures were animals—but unlike any known today
|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-half-billion-year-old-creatures-were-animals-unlike-any-known-today |date=8 August 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aav0347 |s2cid=193064652 |access-date=8 August 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180808">{{cite journal |last1=Hoyal Cuthill |first1=Jennifer H. |last2=Han |first2=Jian |title=Cambrian petalonamid ''Stromatoveris'' phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals |date=2018 |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=813–823 |doi=10.1111/pala.12393 |bibcode=2018Palgy..61..813H |s2cid=54054510 |url=http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/4315/1/Cuthill_et_al-2018-Palaeontology.pdf |access-date=2018-11-11 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020172745/http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/4315/1/Cuthill_et_al-2018-Palaeontology.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Computer researchers report that [[Artificial Intelligence]] (AI) programs have found thousands of prominent [[scientist]]s overlooked by [[Wikipedia]] editors.<ref name="VRG-20180808">{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |title=AI spots 40,000 prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia – The softwares scans news stories to find overlooked figures, and even writes a draft article about them |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer |date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=8 August 2018 }}</ref>
* 9 August – Researchers in China establish a new record for [[Organic solar cell|organic photovoltaic cells]], boosting their maximum [[Solar cell efficiency|efficiency]] from 15 to 17.3 percent.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Organic and solution-processed tandem solar cells with 17.3% efficiency |date=9 August 2018 |journal=Science|volume=361 |issue=6407 |pages=1094–1098 |doi=10.1126/science.aat2612 |pmid=30093603 |last1=Meng |first1=Lingxian |last2=Zhang |first2=Yamin |last3=Wan |first3=Xiangjian |last4=Li |first4=Chenxi |last5=Zhang |first5=Xin |last6=Wang |first6=Yanbo |last7=Ke |first7=Xin |last8=Xiao |first8=Zuo |last9=Ding |first9=Liming |last10=Xia |first10=Ruoxi |last11=Yip |first11=Hin-Lap |last12=Cao |first12=Yong |last13=Chen |first13=Yongsheng |bibcode=2018Sci...361.1094M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Organic solar cells set 'remarkable' energy record |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45132427 |date=9 August 2018 |work=BBC News|access-date=15 August 2018 }}</ref>
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* 18 August – Research presented at the Goldschmidt conference in Boston concludes that water is likely to be a common feature of [[exoplanets]] between two and four times the size of Earth, with implications for the search of life in our Galaxy.<ref>{{citation |title=Water-worlds are common: Exoplanets may contain vast amounts of water |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180818115758.htm |date=18 August 2018 |work=Science Daily|access-date=19 August 2018 }}</ref>
* 20 August
**Scientists report that [[Earliest known life forms|life]], based on [[genetics|genetic]] and [[fossil]] evidences, may have begun on [[Earth]] nearly 4.5 billion years ago, much earlier than thought before.<ref name="PHY-20180820">{{cite web |author=University of Bristol |title=A timescale for the origin and evolution of all of life on Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-08-timescale-evolution-life-earth.html |date=20 August 2018 |website=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=20 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180820">{{cite journal |last1=Betts |first1=Holly C. |last2=Putick |first2=Mark N. |last3=Clark |first3=James W. |last4=Williams |first4=Tom A. |last5=Donoghue |first5=Philip C.J. |last6=Pisani |first6=Davide |title=Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life's early evolution and eukaryote origin |date=20 August 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=1556–1562 |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x |pmid=30127539 |pmc=6152910 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1556B }}</ref>
**Researchers report that the [[skyglow]] of [[Steve (atmospheric phenomenon)|STEVE]] ("Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement"), an [[Atmospheric optics|atmospheric optical phenomenon]] appearing as a purple and green light ribbon in the sky, and not an [[aurora]], is not associated with [[Precipitation|particle precipitation]] ([[electron]]s or [[ion]]s) and, as a result, could be generated in the [[ionosphere]].<ref name="GRL-20180820">{{cite journal |last1=Gallardo-Lacourt |first1=B. |last2=Liang |first2=J. |last3=Nishimura |first3=Y. |last4=Donovan |first4=E. |title=On the Origin of STEVE: Particle Precipitation or Ionospheric Skyglow? |date=20 August 2018 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=45 |issue=16 |pages=7968 |doi=10.1029/2018GL078509 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.7968G |s2cid=134540082 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 21 August – Scientists announce the first direct evidence for exposed [[Lunar water|water-ice on the Moon's surface]], which is found in permanently shaded regions.<ref>{{citation |title=Scientists discover first direct evidence of surface exposed water ice on the moon |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoha-sdf082118.php |date=21 August 2018 |work=EurekAlert!|access-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref>
*22 August
**Scientists report evidence of a 13-year-old [[hominin]] female, nicknamed ''[[Denny (hybrid hominin)|Denny]]'', estimated to have lived 90,000 years ago, and who was determined to be half [[Neanderthal]] and half [[Denisovan]], based on genetic analysis of a bone fragment discovered in [[Denisova Cave]]; the first time an ancient individual was discovered whose parents belonged to distinct human groups.<ref name="NAT-20180822">{{cite journal |last=Warren |first=Matthew |title=Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid - Genetic analysis uncovers a direct descendant of two different groups of early humans |date=22 August 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=560 |issue=7719 |pages=417–418 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-06004-0 |pmid=30135540 |bibcode=2018Natur.560..417W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180822">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=A Blended Family: Her Mother Was Neanderthal, Her Father Something Else Entirely - Genetic analysis of bones discovered in a Siberian cave hint that the prehistoric world may have been filled with "hybrid" humans. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/science/neanderthals-denisovans-hybrid.html |date=22 August 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NS-20180822">{{cite web |last=Marshall |first=Michael |title=Prehistoric girl had parents belonging to different human species |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2177634-prehistoric-girl-had-parents-belonging-to-different-human-species/ |date=22 August 2018 |website=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref>
**Researchers report evidence of rapid shifts (in geological-time terms), nearly 30 times faster than known previously, of [[geomagnetic reversal]]s, where the [[north magnetic pole]] of [[Earth]] becomes the [[south magnetic pole]] and vice versa, including a [[chronozone]] that lasted only 200 years, much shorter than any other such reversal found earlier.<ref name="ES-20180821">{{cite web |last=Byrd |first=Deborah |title=Researchers find fast flip in Earth's magnetic field |url=http://earthsky.org/earth/study-magnetic-field-reversals-happen-faster-than-thought |date=21 August 2018 |website=[[EarthSky]] |access-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref>
*28 August – Physicists officially report, for the first time, observing the [[Higgs boson]] decay into a pair of [[bottom quark]]s, an interaction that is primarily responsible for the "natural width" (range of masses with which a particle is observed) of the boson.<ref name="ATLAS-20180828">{{cite news |author=Atlas Collaboration |title=ATLAS observes elusive Higgs boson decay to a pair of bottom quarks |url=https://atlas.cern/updates/press-statement/observation-higgs-boson-decay-pair-bottom-quarks |date=28 August 2018 |
*30 August – Researchers from the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] report a new way of controlling [[Nanorobotics|nanobots]], using [[swarm behaviour]]s to do complex tasks in minimally invasive surgeries.<ref>{{citation |title=Hong Kong researchers develop transformable nano-robots to perform medical tasks |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/30/c_137431629.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830194027/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/30/c_137431629.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |date=30 August 2018 |work=Xinhuanet|access-date=31 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=CUHK Engineers: Nano-robots Swarm Learn Collective Morphological Transformation on Animals with Huge Potential for Biomedical Applications |url=https://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/en/press_detail.php?id=2833&t=cuhk-engineers-nano-robots-swarm-learn-collective-morphological-transformation-on-animals-with-huge-potential-for-biomedical-applications&id=2833&t=cuhk-engineers-nano-robots-swarm-learn-collective-morphological-transformation-on-animals-with-huge-potential-for-biomedical-applications |date=30 August 2018 |work=The Chinese University of Hong Kong|access-date=5 September 2018 }}</ref>
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**Researchers at the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] release a high resolution terrain map (detail down to the size of a car, and less in some areas) of [[Antarctica]], named the "[[Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica]]" ([[REMA]]).<ref name="NYT-20180907">{{cite news |last=Stirone |first=Shannon |title=New Antarctica Map Is Like 'Putting on Glasses for the First Time and Seeing 20/20' – A high resolution terrain map of Earth's frozen continent will help researchers better track changes on the ice as the planet warms. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/science/antarctica-map-rema.html |date=7 September 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=9 September 2018 }}</ref>
**A group of Japanese and American scientists publish a research paper which concludes that "space weathering" on the surface of [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]], in tandem with its eccentric orbit, has caused its surface to be divided into two distinct geologic units, known as the red and blue units.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Sands of Phobos: The Martian moon's eccentric orbit refreshes its surface |date=7 September 2018 |arxiv=1809.02520 |last1=Liang |first1=Qi-Yu |last2=Venkatramani |first2=Aditya V. |last3=Cantu |first3=Sergio H. |last4=Nicholson |first4=Travis L. |last5=Gullans |first5=Michael J. |last6=Gorshkov |first6=Alexey V. |last7=Thompson |first7=Jeff D. |last8=Chin |first8=Cheng |last9=Lukin |first9=Mikhail D. |last10=Vuletic |first10=Vladan |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0323-9 |volume=12 |journal=Nature Geoscience |pages=229–234 |s2cid=134841669 }}</ref>
* 9 September – Astronomers report detecting another 72 [[Fast Radio Burst]]s (FRBs), using [[artificial intelligence]], from [[Fast radio burst#FRB 121102|FRB 121102]] that had been missed earlier, resulting in about 300 total FRBs from this object. FRB 121102 is the only known ''repeating'' fast radio source which is very unusual since all other currently known FRBs (very powerful and extremely short-lived astronomical objects) have not been found to repeat, occurring one time only.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yunfan Gerry |last2=Gajjar |first2=Vishal |last3=Foster |first3=Griffin |last4=Siemion |first4=Andrew |last5=Cordes |first5=James |last6=Law |first6=Casey |last7=Wang |first7=Yu |date=9 September 2018|title=Fast Radio Burst 121102 Pulse Detection and Periodicity: A Machine Learning Approach|journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=866 |issue=2 |pages=149 |arxiv=1809.03043|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aadf31 |bibcode=2018ApJ...866..149Z |s2cid=117337002 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SP-20180911">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Mysterious Light Flashes Are Coming from Deep Space, and AI Just Found More of Them |url=https://www.space.com/41775-breakthrough-listen-fast-radio-bursts.html |date=11 September 2018 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=11 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20180911">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Astronomers Have Detected an Astonishing 72 New Mystery Radio Bursts From Space – We still have no idea what these signals are. |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/72-new-fast-radio-burst-signals-frb-121102-breakthrough-listen-neural-network-machine-learning |date=11 September 2018 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=11 September 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Aspirine macro shot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|16 September: Medical study: use of low-dose [[aspirin]] by older healthy people may not be beneficial and, in some case, may be harmful.<ref name="NPR-20180916" /><ref name="NEJM-20180916" />]]
* 10 September
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*21 September – The Japanese ''[[Hayabusa2]]'' probe deploys two landers on the surface of the large asteroid [[162173 Ryugu|Ryugu]].<ref>{{citation |title=Japanese Probe Drops Tiny Hopping Robots Toward Big Asteroid Ryugu |url=https://www.space.com/41898-hayabusa2-deploys-hopping-robots-asteroid-ryugu.html |date=21 September 2018 |work=Space.com|access-date=21 September 2018 }}</ref>
*24 September
**Data from the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft, which explored [[Saturn]] and its moons between 2004 and 2017, reveals what appear to be three giant [[dust storm]]s ([[:File:PIA22484-SaturnMoon-Titan-3DustStorms-20180924.jpg|see image]]), for the first time, in the equatorial regions of the moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] between the years
**Astronomers describe several possible home [[star system]]s from which the [[interstellar object]] [['Oumuamua]], found passing through the [[Solar System]] in October 2017, may have begun its [[interstellar space|interstellar journey]].<ref name="ARX-20180924">{{cite journal |arxiv=1809.09009|last1=Liang|first1=Qi-Yu|title=Plausible home stars of the interstellar object 'Oumuamua found in Gaia DR2|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=156|issue=5|pages=205|last2=Venkatramani|first2=Aditya V.|last3=Cantu|first3=Sergio H.|last4=Nicholson|first4=Travis L.|last5=Gullans|first5=Michael J.|last6=Gorshkov|first6=Alexey V.|last7=Thompson|first7=Jeff D.|last8=Chin|first8=Cheng|last9=Lukin|first9=Mikhail D.|last10=Vuletic|first10=Vladan|year=2018|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aae3eb|bibcode=2018AJ....156..205B|s2cid=119051284 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies suggest that the interstellar object is neither an [[asteroid]] nor a [[comet]].<ref name="ARX-20180920">{{cite journal |last=Rafikov |first=Roman R. |title=Spin Evolution and Cometary Interpretation of the Interstellar Minor Object 1I/2017 'Oumuamua |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=867 |issue=1 |pages=L17 |date=20 September 2018 |arxiv=1809.06389 |bibcode=2018ApJ...867L..17R |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aae977 |s2cid=119346078 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="QM-20181010">{{cite web |last=Skibba |first=Ramin |title=Interstellar Visitor Found to Be Unlike a Comet or an Asteroid |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/interstellar-comet-oumuamua-might-not-actually-be-a-comet-20181010/ |date=10 October 2018 |work=[[Quanta Magazine]] |access-date=10 October 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Giantbirds.png|thumb|right|200px|25 September: ''[[Elephant bird|Vorombe titan]]'' (similar to purple above; maroon, an [[ostrich]]; all others non-avian [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]]s), an extinct [[elephant bird]], determined to be the largest [[bird]] known to have existed.<ref name="RS-20180926" /><ref name="EA-20180925" /><ref name="NYT-20180926" />]]
*25 September
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**Astronomers using data from the [[Gaia (spacecraft)|Gaia mission]] report the discovery of [[hypervelocity stars|rogue, high-velocity stars]] hurtling towards the Milky Way, possibly originating from another galaxy.<ref>{{citation |title=Gaia spots stars flying between galaxies |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/gaia-spots-stars-flying-between-galaxies |date=2 October 2018 |work=Royal Astronomical Society|access-date=2 October 2018 }}</ref>
*3 October
**[[Frances Arnold|Frances H. Arnold]] from the [[United States]], [[George P. Smith (chemist)|George P. Smith]] from the [[United States]] and [[Greg Winter|Gregory P. Winter]] from the [[United Kingdom]] win the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for their work in evolutionary science.<ref>Press Release: [https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003142015/https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911 |date=2018-10-03 }}</ref>
**Astronomers publish details of a candidate [[exomoon]], [[Kepler-1625b I]], suggesting it has a mass and radius similar to [[Neptune]], and orbits the [[exoplanet]] [[Kepler-1625b]].<ref name="SA-20181003">{{cite journal |last1=Teachey |first1=Alex |last2=Kipping |first2=David M. |title=Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b |date=3 October 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=4 |pages=eaav1784 |number=10 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aav1784 |pmid=30306135 |pmc=6170104 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.1784T |arxiv=1810.02362 }}</ref><ref name="NGS-20181003">{{cite news |last=Drake |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Drake |title=Weird giant may be the first known alien moon - Evidence is mounting that a world the size of Neptune could be orbiting a giant planet far, far away. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/10/news-first-exomoon-nasa-kepler-planets-facts-space/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003234439/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/10/news-first-exomoon-nasa-kepler-planets-facts-space/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |date=3 October 2018 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Astronomers find first compelling evidence for a moon outside our solar system |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181003142931.htm |date=3 October 2018 |work=Science Daily|access-date=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=First 'exomoon' may have been found |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-45707309 |date=4 October 2018 |work=BBC News|access-date=4 October 2018 }}</ref>
*4 October – Researchers at [[McMaster University]] announce the development of a new technology, called a ''[[Planet Simulator]]'', to help study the [[origin of life]] on planet [[Earth]] and beyond.<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[McMaster University]] |access-date=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |access-date=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins - How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=[[EarthSky]] |access-date=14 October 2018 }}</ref>
*5 October – The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is hit by a mechanical failure as it loses one of the gyroscopes needed for pointing the spacecraft. It is placed into "safe" mode while scientists attempt to fix the problem.<ref>{{citation |title=Hubble telescope hit by mechanical failure |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-45788412 |date=8 October 2018 |work=BBC News|access-date=10 October 2018 }}</ref>
*8 October
**The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] releases its [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C]], warning that "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society" are needed to keep [[global warming]] below 1.5 °C.<ref name="BBC-20181008">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-45775309|title=Climate report: Scientists urge deep rapid change to limit warming |date=8 October 2018|website=BBC News|access-date=8 October 2018|last1=McGrath |first1=Matt }}</ref><ref name="IPCC-20181008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/|title=Global Warming of 1.5 °C |date=8 October 2018|website=IPCC|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181009">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title='A Deafening, Piercing Smoke Alarm' - The U.N.'s climate panel tells world leaders the time for dithering on climate change is over. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/opinion/climate-change-ipcc-report.html |date=9 October 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=9 October 2018 }}</ref>
**Researchers report low-temperature chemical pathways from simple [[organic compound]]s to complex [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] (PAH) chemicals. Such chemical pathways may help explain the presence of PAHs in the low-temperature atmosphere of [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], a moon of the planet [[Saturn]], and may be significant pathways, in terms of the [[PAH world hypothesis]], in producing precursors to biochemicals related to life as we know it.<ref name="DG-20181008">{{cite web |author=Staff |title="A Prebiotic Earth" – Missing Link Found on Saturn's Moon Titan |url=https://dailygalaxy.com/2018/10/a-prebiotic-earth-missing-link-found-on-saturns-moon-titan/ |date=11 October 2018 |work=DailyGalaxy.com |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144308/https://dailygalaxy.com/2018/10/a-prebiotic-earth-missing-link-found-on-saturns-moon-titan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NA-20181008">{{cite journal |author=Zhao, Long |display-authors=et al |title=Low-temperature formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere |date=8 October 2018 |journal=[[Nature Astronomy]] |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=973–979 |doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0585-y |bibcode=2018NatAs...2..973Z |s2cid=105480354 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1pj0q014 }}</ref>
[[File:Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|thumb|right|200px|8 October: [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] releases [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|Special Report on Global Warming]], noting the need to keep [[global warming]] below 1.5°C.<ref name="BBC-20181008" /><ref name="IPCC-20181008" /><ref name="NYT-20181009" />]]
*10 October
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*11 October
**Physicists report that [[Quantum mechanics|quantum behavior]] can be [[Quantum nonlocality#Blasiak's model|explained]] with [[classical physics]] for a single particle, but not for multiple particles as in [[quantum entanglement]] and related [[Action at a distance|nonlocality]] phenomena ("spooky action at a distance" ["gruselige Action in einiger Entfernung" (German)],<ref name="NW-20180427">{{cite web |author=DrByos |title=Schweizer Wissenschaftler führen massiven Test für 80-Jährige durch 'Spooky' Quantum Paradox |url= https://www.nach-welt.com/technik/schweizer-wissenschaftler-fuhren-massiven-test-fur-80-jahrige-durch-spooky-quantum-paradox/ |language=de |date=27 April 2018 |work=Nachrichten Welt |access-date=15 October 2018 |trans-title=Swiss scientists perform massive test for 80-year-olds through 'Spooky' Quantum Paradox |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015231942/https://www.nach-welt.com/technik/schweizer-wissenschaftler-fuhren-massiven-test-fur-80-jahrige-durch-spooky-quantum-paradox/ |archive-date=2018-10-15 }}</ref> according to [[Albert Einstein]]).<ref name="EA-20181011">{{cite web |title=Where is it, the foundation of quantum reality? |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/thni-wii101118.php |author=The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences |date=11 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=13 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PR-20180713">{{cite journal |last=Blasiak |first=Pawel |title=Local model of a qudit: Single particle in optical circuits |date=13 July 2018 |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=98 |issue=1 |at=012118 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.98.012118 |bibcode=2018PhRvA..98a2118B |s2cid=126128962 }}</ref>{{efn|1=Physicist John Bell depicts the Einstein camp in this debate in his article entitled "Bertlmann's socks and the nature of reality", p. 143 of ''Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics'': "For EPR that would be an unthinkable 'spooky action at a distance'. To avoid such action at a distance they have to attribute, to the space-time regions in question, real properties in advance of observation, correlated properties, which predetermine the outcomes of these particular observations. Since these real properties, fixed in advance of observation, are not contained in quantum formalism, that formalism for EPR is incomplete. It may be correct, as far as it goes, but the usual quantum formalism cannot be the whole story." And again on p. 144 Bell says: "Einstein had no difficulty accepting that affairs in different places could be correlated. What he could not accept was that an intervention at one place could influence, immediately, affairs at the other."<ref>{{cite book |year=1987 |access-date=13 October 2018 |title=Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics |first=J. S. |last=Bell |publisher=[[CERN]] |isbn=0521334950 |url=http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/GSSPP09/Files/BellJohnS1981Speakable_BertlmannsSocks.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412044550/http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/GSSPP09/Files/BellJohnS1981Speakable_BertlmannsSocks.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}
**[[Harvard University|Harvard]] astronomers present an [[Analysis|analytical model]] that suggests matter—and potentially dormant [[spore]]s—can be exchanged across the vast distances between [[Galaxy|galaxies]], a process termed '[[Panspermia|galactic panspermia]]', and not be restricted to the limited scale of [[planetary system|solar system]]s.<ref name="NBC-20181026">{{cite web |last=Shostak |first=Seth |author-link=Seth Shostak |title=Comets and asteroids may be spreading life across the galaxy - Are germs from outer space the source of life on Earth? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/comets-asteroids-may-be-spreading-life-across-galaxy-ncna924916 |date=26 October 2018 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="MNRAS-20181011">{{cite journal |last1=Ginsburg |first1=Idan |last2=Lingam |first2=Manasvi |last3=Loeb |first3=Abraham |s2cid=119084109 |title=Galactic Panspermia |date=11 October 2018 |journal= The Astrophysical Journal|volume=868 |issue=1 |pages=L12 |arxiv=1810.04307 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aaef2d |bibcode=2018ApJ...868L..12G |doi-access=free }}</ref>
**The world's fastest camera, able to capture 10 trillion [[Frame rate|frames per second]], is announced by the [[Institut national de la recherche scientifique]] (INRS) in Quebec, Canada.<ref>{{citation |title=World's fastest camera freezes time at 10 trillion frames per second |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181012093008.htm |date=12 October 2018 |work=Science Daily|access-date=12 October 2018 }}</ref>
*15 October – A study by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] finds that insect populations in [[Puerto Rico]] have crashed since the 1970s, with some species witnessing a 60-fold decrease in numbers. The fall is attributed to a 2.0 °C rise in tropical forest temperatures.<ref>{{citation |title=Two degrees decimated Puerto Rico's insect populations |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/rpi-tdd101118.php |date=15 October 2018 |work=EurekAlert!|access-date=16 October 2018 }}</ref>
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** Researchers at the [[University of Queensland]] recreated 450 million-year-old [[enzymes]] with [[Thermostability|thermostable]] proteins, which can withstand higher temperatures, and could be used to improve drugs and [[gene therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |author1=Yosephin Gumulya |author2=Jong-Min Baek |author3=Shun-Jie Wun |author4=Raine E. S. Thomson |author5=Kurt L. Harris |author6=Dominic J. B. Hunter |author7=James B. Y. H. Behrendorff |author8=Justyna Kulig |author9=Shan Zheng |author10=Xueming Wu |author11=Bin Wu |author12=Jeanette E. Stok |author13=James J. De Voss |author14=Gerhard Schenk |author15=Ulrik Jurva |author16=Shalini Andersson |author17=Emre M. Isin | author18=Mikael Bodén |author19=Luke Guddat |author20=Elizabeth M. J. Gillam |s2cid=91486250 |title=Engineering highly functional thermostable proteins using ancestral sequence reconstruction |journal=Nature Catalysis |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=878–888 |date=22 October 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41929-018-0159-5|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:0be5577/submitted.pdf }}</ref>
*24 October – Scientists report discovering the [[Weapon#Prehistoric|oldest weapons]] found in North America, ancient [[Projectile point|spear points]], dated to 13,500 – 15,500 years ago, made of [[chert]], predating the [[clovis culture]] (typically dated to 13,000 years ago), in the state of Texas.<ref name="EA-20181024">{{cite news |author=American Association for the Advancement of Science |title=New projectile point style could suggest two separate migrations into North America - Pre-Clovis projectile points at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas; implications for the Late Pleistocene peopling of the Americas |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/aaft-npp102218.php |date=24 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=25 October 2018 |author-link=American Association for the Advancement of Science }}</ref><ref name="PHYS-20181024">{{cite web |last=Randall |first=Keith |title=Team finds oldest weapons ever discovered in North America |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-10-team-oldest-weapons-north-america.html |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref>
*26 October – Astronomers confirm the existence of [[Mineral dust|dust cloud]] [[satellite]]s, called [[Kordylewski cloud]]s, in semi-stable regions (the L4 and L5 [[Lagrangian point]]s of the Earth–Moon system) about {{convert|400,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the planet [[Earth]].<ref name="EA-20181026">{{cite news |author=Royal Astronomical Society |title=Earth's dust cloud satellites confirmed |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/ras-edc102618.php |date=26 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=27 October 2018 |author-link=Royal Astronomical Society }}</ref><ref name="MN-RAS-20181111">{{cite journal |last1=Slíz-Balogh |first1=Judith |last2=Barta |first2=András |last3=Horváth |first3=Gábor |s2cid=125609141 |title=Celestial mechanics and polarization optics of the Kordylewski dust cloud in the Earth–Moon Lagrange point L5 – I. Three-dimensional celestial mechanical modelling of dust cloud formation |date=11 November 2018 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=480 |issue=4 |pages=5550–5559 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty2049 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1910.07466 |bibcode=2018MNRAS.480.5550S }}</ref><ref name="MN-RAS-20190101">{{cite journal |last1=Slíz-Balogh |first1=Judith |last2=Barta |first2=András |last3=Horváth |first3=Gábor |s2cid=126286187 |title=Celestial mechanics and polarization optics of the Kordylewski dust cloud in the Earth–Moon Lagrange point L5 – Part II. Imaging polarimetric observation: new evidence for the existence of Kordylewski dust cloud |date=1 January 2019 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=482 |issue=1 |pages=762–770 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty2630 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1910.07471 |bibcode=2019MNRAS.482..762S }}</ref>
*30 October
**[[NASA]] announces that the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler space telescope]], having run out of fuel, and after nine years of service and the discovery of over 2,600 [[exoplanet]]s, has been officially retired, and will maintain its current, safe orbit, away from Earth.<ref name="NASA-20181030">{{cite web |last1=Chou |first1=Felicia |last2=Hawkes |first2=Alison |last3=Cofield |first3=Calia |title=NASA Retires Kepler Space Telescope |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7272 |date=30 October 2018 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=30 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181030">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Kepler, the Little NASA Spacecraft That Could, No Longer Can |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/science/nasa-kepler-exoplanet.html |date=30 October 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 October 2018 }}</ref>
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**[[NASA]] announces the official retirement, due to the depletion of fuel, of the [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'']] spacecraft mission, that lasted 11 years, and that studied two [[protoplanet]]s, [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] and [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]. The spacecraft will remain in a relatively stable orbit around Ceres for at least the next 20 years, serving as a "monument" to the mission.<ref name="NASA-20181101-EndOfDawnMission">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Wendel |first2=JoAnna |last3=McCartney |first3=Gretchen |title=NASA's Dawn Mission to Asteroid Belt Comes to End |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7275 |date=1 November 2018 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181101">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's Dawn Mission to the Asteroid Belt Says Good Night - Launched in 2007, the spacecraft discovered bright spots on Ceres and forbidding terrain on Vesta. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/01/science/nasa-dawn-ceres-vesta-asteroids-end.html |date=1 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 November 2018 }}</ref>
**Russian scientists release a video recording of the [[Soyuz MS-10]] crewed spaceflight mission involving a [[Soyuz-FG|Soyuz-FG rocket]] after launch on 11 October 2018 that, due to a faulty sensor, resulted in the destruction of the rocket. The crew, NASA astronaut [[Nick Hague]] and Russian cosmonaut [[Aleksey Ovchinin]]. escaped safely and successfully.<ref name="AT-20181101">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |title=Dramatic footage of Soyuz accident shows rocket booster collision - For the second human launch in a row, there's a likely quality control issue. |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/dramatic-footage-of-soyuz-accident-shows-rocket-booster-collision/ |date=1 November 2018 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=1 November 2018 }}</ref>
**Astronomers from [[Harvard University]] suggest that the [[interstellar object]] [['Oumuamua]] may be an [[Extraterrestrial intelligence|extraterrestrial]] [[solar sail]] from an alien civilization, in an effort to help explain the object's "peculiar acceleration".<ref name="UT-230181031">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Matt |title=Could Oumuamua Be an Extra-Terrestrial Solar Sail? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/140391/could-oumuamua-be-an-extra-terrestrial-solar-sail/ |date=31 October 2018 |work=[[Universe Today]] |access-date=2 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20181101">{{cite journal |last1=Baily |first1=Shmuel |last2=Loeb |first2=Abraham |title=Could Solar Radiation Explain 'Oumuamua's Peculiar Acceleration? |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=868 |issue=1 |pages=L1 |date=1 November 2018 |arxiv=1810.11490 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aaeda8 |bibcode=2018ApJ...868L...1B |s2cid=118956077 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SA-201809287">{{cite web |last=Loeb |first=Abraham |title=How to Search for Dead Cosmic Civilizations - If they're short-lived, we might be able to detect the relics and artifacts they left behind |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-to-search-for-dead-cosmic-civilizations/ |date=26 September 2018 |work=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=2 November 2018 }}</ref>
*2 November
**Two independent teams of astronomers both conclude, based on numerous observations from other astronomers around the world, that the unusual [[AT2018cow]] event (also known as Supernova 2018cow, SN 2018cow, and "The Cow"), a very powerful astronomical explosion, 10 – 100 times brighter than a normal [[supernova]] detected on 16 June 2018, was "either a newly formed [[black hole]] in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a [[neutron star]]."<ref name="NAT-20181102">{{cite journal |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide |title=Holy Cow! Astronomers agog at mysterious new supernova - An event known as 'Cow' that has rocked astronomy since June likely offers a close look at the birth of a neutron star or black hole. |date=2 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=563 |issue=7730 |pages=168–169 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07260-w |doi-access=free |pmid=30401847 |bibcode=2018Natur.563..168C }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20181025">{{cite journal |author=Margutti, Raffaella |display-authors=et al |title=An embedded X-ray source shines through the aspherical AT2018cow: revealing the inner workings of the most luminous fast-evolving optical transients |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=872 |pages=18 |date=6 February 2019 |issue=1 |arxiv=1810.10720 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aafa01 |bibcode=2019ApJ...872...18M |s2cid=119085174 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20181028">{{cite journal |author=Ho Anna Y. Q. |display-authors=et al |title=AT2018cow: a luminous millimeter transient |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |pages=73 |date=23 January 2019 |issue=1 |arxiv=1810.10880 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf473 |bibcode=2019ApJ...871...73H |s2cid=118993019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20180812">{{cite journal |author=Perley, Daniel A. |display-authors=et al |title=The Fast, Luminous Ultraviolet Transient AT2018cow: Extreme Supernova, or Disruption of a Star by an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole? |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=484 |issue=1 |pages=1031–1049 |arxiv=1808.00969 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty3420 |doi-access=free |year=2019 |bibcode=2019MNRAS.484.1031P }}</ref>
**The world's largest [[neuromorphic]] [[supercomputer]], the million-core 'SpiNNaker' machine, is switched on by the University of Manchester, England.<ref>{{cite news |title='Human brain' supercomputer with 1 million processors switched on for first time |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/human-brain-supercomputer-with-1million-processors-switched-on-for-first-time/ |date=2 November 2018 |work=University of Manchester |access-date=2 November 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:NASA and NOAA Announce Ozone Hole is a Double Record Breaker.png|thumb|right|200px|5 November: Polar [[ozone hole]]s are healing faster than previously thought, and are expected to completely heal by 2060.<ref name="UN-20181105" /><ref name="TG-20181105" />]]
*4 November – Geologists present evidence, based on studies in [[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]] by the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]], that there was plenty of [[Water on Mars|water]] on early [[Mars]].<ref name="EA-20181103-gsa">{{cite news |author=Geological Society of America |title=Evidence of outburst flooding indicates plentiful water on early Mars |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/gsoa-eoo110318.php |date=3 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=5 November 2018 |author-link=Geological Society of America }}</ref><ref name="GSA-20181104">{{cite journal |author=Heydari, Ezat |display-authors=et al |title=Significance of Flood Depositis in Gale Crater, Mars |url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2018AM/webprogram/Paper319960.html |date=4 November 2018 |journal=[[Geological Society of America]] |access-date=5 November 2018 }}</ref>
* 5 November
**Astronomers report the discovery of one of the [[List of oldest stars|oldest stars]], named [[2MASS J18082002-5104378 B]], in the [[universe]], about 13.5 billion-years-old, possibly one of the first stars, a tiny [[Stellar population#Population II stars|ultra metal-poor (UMP) star]] made almost entirely of materials released from the [[Big Bang]]. The discovery of the star in the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]] suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than thought earlier.<ref name="EA-20181105">{{cite news |author=Johns Hopkins University |title=Johns Hopkins scientist finds elusive star with origins close to Big Bang |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/jhu-jhs110518.php |date=5 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=5 November 2018 |author-link=Johns Hopkins University }}</ref><ref name="JHU-20181105">{{cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jill |title=Johns Hopkins scientist finds elusive star with origins close to Big Bang - The newly discovered star's composition indicates that, in a cosmic family tree, it could be as little as one generation removed from the Big Bang |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2018/11/05/scientists-find-star-with-big-bang-origins/ |date=5 November 2018 |work=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |access-date=5 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ApJ-20181105">{{cite journal |last1=Schlaufman |first1=Kevin C. |last2=Thompson |first2=Ian B. |last3=Casey |first3=Andrew R. |title=An Ultra Metal-poor Star Near the Hydrogen-burning Limit |date=5 November 2018 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=867 |pages=98 |number=2 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97 |arxiv=1811.00549 |bibcode=2018ApJ...867...98S |s2cid=54511945 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
**A new assessment of the [[ozone hole]], published by the UN, shows it to be recovering faster than previously thought. At projected rates, the Northern Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone is expected to heal completely by the 2030s, followed by the Southern Hemisphere in the 2050s and polar regions by 2060.<ref name="UN-20181105">{{cite news |title=Montreal Protocol assessment reveals healing ozone, untapped potential for climate action |url=https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/montreal-protocol-assessment-reveals-healing-ozone-untapped |date=5 November 2018 |work=UN |access-date=6 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="TG-20181105">{{cite news |title=Ozone layer finally healing after damage caused by aerosols, UN says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/05/ozone-layer-healing-after-aerosols-un-northern-hemisphere |date=5 November 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=6 November 2018 }}</ref>
**Scientists report the discovery of the smallest known [[ape]], ''[[Simiolus|Simiolus minutus]]'', which weighed approximately eight pounds, and lived about 12.5 million years ago in [[Kenya]] in [[East Africa]].<ref name="NYT-20181105">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Tiniest Ape Ever Discovered Hints at the Rise of the Monkeys - The newly identified extinct primate weighed slightly less than an average house cat. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/science/tiniest-ape-extinct.html |date=5 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=7 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="JHE-2018">{{Cite journal|author1=James B. Rossie |author2=Andrew Hill |year=2018 |title=A new species of ''Simiolus'' from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=125 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002 |pmid=30502897 |bibcode=2018JHumE.125...50R |s2cid=54625375 }}</ref>
* 7 November – Scientists report the discovery of the oldest known [[Figurative art|figurative art painting]], over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Borneo]] (see [[:File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|image]]).<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World - A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M. |display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref><ref name="SM-20181107">{{cite news |last=Hardwerk |first=Brian |title=World's Oldest-Known Figurative Paintings Discovered in Borneo Cave - Dated to at least 40,000 years old, the depiction of a cattle-like animal has striking similarities to ancient rock art found in other parts of the world |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/worlds-oldest-known-figurative-paintings-discovered-borneo-cave-180970747/ |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref>
*12 November – China's Institute of Plasma Physics announces that plasma in the [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak]] (EAST) has reached 100 million degrees Celsius.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
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*19 November – [[NASA]] chooses [[Jezero crater]] on the planet [[Mars]] as the landing site for the [[Mars 2020|Mars 2020 rover]], which is to launch on 17 July 2020, and touch down on Mars on 18 February 2021.<ref name="NYT-20181119">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA Mars 2020 Rover Gets a Landing Site: A Crater That Contained a Lake - The rover will search the Jezero Crater and delta for the chemical building blocks of life and other signs of past microbes. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/19/science/nasa-mars-2020-rover.html |date=19 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20181119">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Jezero Crater or Bust! NASA Picks Landing Site for Mars 2020 Rover |url=https://www.space.com/42486-mars-2020-rover-jezero-crater-landing-site.html |date=19 November 2018 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=20 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="RPR-20181119">{{cite web|author=RBurnham |title=Overflowing crater lakes carved Mars canyon |url=http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=31676 |date=19 November 2018 |work=Red Planet Report |access-date=20 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="UT-20181119">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Overflowing Crater Lakes Carved Canyons Across Mars |url=https://news.utexas.edu/2018/11/16/overflowing-crater-lakes-carved-canyons-across-mars/ |date=19 November 2018 |work=[[University of Texas at Austin]] |access-date=20 November 2018 }}</ref>
*20 November
**Astronomers report the use of a new powerful method, [[NIRSpec]] in [[adaptive optics]] (AO) mode ([[NIRSPAO]]), to search for [[biosignature]]s on [[exoplanet]]s.<ref name="EA-20181120">{{cite news |author=W. M. Keck Observatory |title=Exoplanet stepping stones - Researchers are perfecting technology to one day look for signs of alien life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/wmko-ess112018.php |date=20 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=21 November 2018 |author-link=W. M. Keck Observatory }}</ref><ref name="AJ-20181120">{{cite journal |author=Wang, Ji |display-authors=et al |title=Detecting Water in the Atmosphere of HR 8799 c with L-band High-dispersion Spectroscopy Aided by Adaptive Optics |date=20 November 2018 |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=156 |pages=272 |number=6 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aae47b |bibcode=2018AJ....156..272W |arxiv=1809.09080 |s2cid=119372301 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
**The [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) publishes its latest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, showing record high concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, with levels of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) reaching 405.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2017, up from 403.3 ppm in 2016 and 400.1 ppm in 2015. The WMO reports that "there is no sign of a reversal in this trend, which is driving long-term climate change, sea level rise, ocean acidification and more extreme weather."<ref>{{cite news |title=Greenhouse gas levels in atmosphere reach new record |url=https://
*22 November
**35 genes that predispose people to [[chronic kidney disease]] are discovered by scientists at the University of Manchester.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: 35 kidney genes linked to chronic kidney disease risk |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/uom-r3k111918.php |date=22 November 2018 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=22 November 2018 }}</ref>
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}}
*23 November
**Volume II of the [[National Climate Assessment#Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) 2017/2018|Fourth National Climate Assessment]] (NCA4) is released by the U.S. government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalchange.gov/news/release-nca4-volume-ii-and-soccr2-letter-acting-chair-subcommittee-global-change-research-and|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123191638/https://www.globalchange.gov/news/release-nca4-volume-ii-and-soccr2-letter-acting-chair-subcommittee-global-change-research-and|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2018|title=On the release of NCA4 Volume II and SOCCR2: A letter from the Acting Chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research and our Executive Director|date=23 November 2018|publisher=GlobalChange.gov|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/press/2018/latest-national-climate-assessment-shows-us-already-suffering-damages-climate-change|title=Latest National Climate Assessment Shows US Already Suffering Damages from Climate Change|date=23 November 2018|publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/23/climate-change-america-us-government-report|title=Climate change 'will inflict substantial damages on US lives'|date=23 November 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 November 2018|last1=Milman|first1=Oliver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46325168|title=Climate change: Report warns of growing impact on US life|date=23 November 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>
**The Brazilian government reports that [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|deforestation in the Amazon rainforest]] has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 km<sup>2</sup> (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-46327634|title=Amazon rainforest deforestation 'worst in 10 years', says Brazil|date=24 November 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mma.gov.br/informma/item/15259-governo-federal-divulga-taxa-de-desmatamento-na-amaz%C3%B4nia.html|title=Taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal|date=23 November 2018|publisher=Ministry of Environment|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>
**Researchers report, after detecting the presence on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) of five ''[[Enterobacter|Enterobacter bugandensis]]'' bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that [[microorganism]]s on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for [[astronaut]]s.<ref name="EA-20181122">{{cite web |author=BioMed Central |title=ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/bc-ims112018.php |date=22 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=AAAS |access-date=25 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="BMC-20181123">{{cite journal |author=Singh, Nitin K. |display-authors=et al |title=Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains |date=23 November 2018 |journal=[[BMC Microbiology]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=175 |doi=10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=30466389 |pmc=6251167 }}</ref>
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*2–14 December – [[COP24]] [[United Nations Climate Change conference]] in [[Katowice]].
*3 December – NASA reports the arrival of the [[OSIRIS-REx]] spacecraft to the [[C-type asteroid|carbonaceous asteroid]] [[101955 Bennu|Bennu]] after a two-year journey, and has determined that the asteroid interacted with water early in its history.<ref name="NYT-20181203-kc">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's Osiris-Rex Arrives at Asteroid Bennu After a Two-Year Journey - The spacecraft now begins a close study of the primitive space rock, seeking clues to the early solar system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/science/osiris-rex-bennu-asteroid-arrival.html |date=3 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181210">{{cite news |author=University of Arizona |title=Public Release: 10-Dec-2018 - UA-led OSIRIS-REx discovers water on asteroid, confirms Bennu as excellent mission target |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/uoa-uod121018.php |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=11 December 2018 |author-link=University of Arizona }}</ref>
*4 December –
*5 December
** An astronomer from the [[University of Oxford]] advances a new theory, related, in part, to notions of [[Negative mass|gravitationally repulsive negative masses]], presented earlier by [[Albert Einstein]], that may help better understand, in a testable manner, the considerable amounts of unknown [[dark matter]] and [[dark energy]] in the [[cosmos]].<ref name="EA-20181205">{{cite web |author=University of Oxford |title=Bringing balance to the universe: New theory could explain missing 95 percent of the cosmos |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/uoo-bbt120318.php |date=5 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=6 December 2018 |author-link=University of Oxford }}</ref><ref name="ARX-2018">{{cite journal |last=Farnes |first=J.S. |title=A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Negative Masses and Matter Creation within a Modified ΛCDM Framework |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=620 |pages=A92 |arxiv=1712.07962 |year=2018 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201832898 |bibcode=2018A&A...620A..92F |s2cid=53600834 }}</ref>
** Researchers create a new algorithm, based on [[deep learning]], that is able to solve text-based [[CAPTCHA]] tests in less than 0.05 seconds.<ref>{{cite news |title=New attack could make website security captchas obsolete |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/lu-nac120418.php |date=5 December 2018 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=5 December 2018 }}</ref>
** Scientists in the United Kingdom announce completion of the [[100,000 Genomes Project]].<ref>{{cite news|author-link=Fergus Walsh|first=Fergus|last=Walsh|title=Faster diagnosis from 'transformational' gene project|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-46456984|newspaper=BBC News|date=2018-12-05|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
** Research published by the [[Global Carbon Project]] shows record high [[Greenhouse gas|carbon emissions]] of 37.1 billion metric tons in 2018, driven by a booming market for cars and ongoing coal use in China.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cars and coal help drive 'strong' CO<sub>2</sub> rise in 2018|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46447459|newspaper=BBC News|date=2018-12-05|access-date=2018-12-05|last1=McGrath|first1=Matt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Climate reality check: Global carbon pollution up in 2018|url=https://www.apnews.com/17fa2a7bf70b4bec844d836c795d5a57|work=AP|date=2018-12-05|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Global Carbon Budget 2018|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=10|issue=4|pages=2141–2194|date=2018-12-05|doi=10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018|last1=Le Quéré|first1=Corinne|last2=Andrew|first2=Robbie M.|last3=Friedlingstein|first3=Pierre|last4=Sitch|first4=Stephen|last5=Hauck|first5=Judith|last6=Pongratz|first6=Julia|last7=Pickers|first7=Penelope A.|last8=Korsbakken|first8=Jan Ivar|last9=Peters|first9=Glen P.|last10=Canadell|first10=Josep G.|last11=Arneth|first11=Almut|last12=Arora|first12=Vivek K.|last13=Barbero|first13=Leticia|last14=Bastos|first14=Ana|last15=Bopp|first15=Laurent|last16=Chevallier|first16=Frédéric|last17=Chini|first17=Louise P.|last18=Ciais|first18=Philippe|last19=Doney|first19=Scott C.|last20=Gkritzalis|first20=Thanos|last21=Goll|first21=Daniel S.|last22=Harris|first22=Ian|last23=Haverd|first23=Vanessa|last24=Hoffman|first24=Forrest M.|last25=Hoppema|first25=Mario|last26=Houghton|first26=Richard A.|last27=Hurtt|first27=George|last28=Ilyina|first28=Tatiana|last29=Jain|first29=Atul K.|last30=Johannessen|first30=Truls|display-authors=29|bibcode=2018ESSD...10.2141L|doi-access=free|hdl=21.11116/0000-0002-518C-5|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
*8 December – China launches [[Chang'e 4]], the first mission to land a robotic craft on the far side of the Moon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chang'e-4: China mission launches to far side of Moon|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46471668|newspaper=BBC News|date=2018-12-07|access-date=2018-12-07|last1=Rincon|first1=Paul}}</ref>
*10 December
**''[[Voyager 2]]'', a space probe launched in 1977, is confirmed ([[:File:PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg|image of onboard detections]]) to have left the [[Solar System]] for [[interstellar space]] on 5 November 2018, six years after its sister probe, ''[[Voyager 1]]'' ([[:File:PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg|related image]]).<ref name="BBC-20181210">{{cite news |last=Gill |first=Victoria |title=Nasa's Voyager 2 probe 'leaves the Solar System' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46502820 |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=10 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20181210">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Fox |first2=Karen |last3=Cofield |first3=Calia |last4=Potter |first4=Sean |title=Release 18-115 - NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-voyager-2-probe-enters-interstellar-space |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=10 December 2018 }}</ref>
**Four glaciers in the [[Vincennes Bay]] region of [[Antarctica]] are found to be thinning at surprisingly fast rates, casting doubt on the idea that the [[East Antarctica|eastern]] part of the icy continent is stable.<ref>{{cite news|title=East Antarctica's glaciers are stirring|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46517396|newspaper=BBC News|date=2018-12-11|access-date=2018-12-11|last1=Amos|first1=Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=East Antarctica is losing ice faster than anyone thought|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07714-1|journal=Nature|pages=11|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2018-12-11|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07714-1|last1=Witze|first1=Alexandra|s2cid=134345401|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
**Researchers announce the discovery of considerable amounts of [[life form]]s, including 70% of [[bacteria]] and [[archea]] on [[Earth]], comprising up to 23 billion tonnes of [[carbon]], living up to at least {{convert|4.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} deep underground, including {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} below the seabed, according to a ten-year [[Deep Carbon Observatory]] project.<ref name="EA-20181211">{{cite news |author=Deep Carbon Observatory |title=Life in deep Earth totals 15 to 23 billion tons of carbon -- hundreds of times more than humans - Deep Carbon Observatory collaborators, exploring the 'Galapagos of the deep,' add to what's known, unknown, and unknowable about Earth's most pristine ecosystem |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/tca-lid120318.php |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=11 December 2018 |author-link=Deep Carbon Observatory }}</ref><ref name="SA-20181211">{{cite news |last=Dockrill |first=Peter |title=Scientists Reveal a Massive Biosphere of Life Hidden Under Earth's Surface |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-lift-lid-on-massive-biosphere-of-life-hidden-under-earth-s-surface |date=11 December 2018 |work=Science Alert |access-date=11 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="TI-20181211">{{cite news |last=Gabbatiss |first=Josh |title=Massive 'deep life' study reveals billions of tonnes of microbes living far beneath Earth's surface |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=11 December 2018 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=11 December 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181219">{{cite news |last=Klein |first=JoAnna |title=Deep Beneath Your Feet, They Live in the Octillions - The real journey to the center of the Earth has begun, and scientists are discovering subsurface microbial beings that shake up what we think we know about life. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/science/subsurface-microbes.html |date=19 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 December 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|right|200px|24 December: [[NASA]] celebrates the [[Golden jubilee|50th Anniversary]] of the [[Earthrise|1968 Christmas Eve]] (''[[Earthrise]]'') [[Apollo 8]] trip around the [[Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20181221" /><ref name="NYT-20181224a" /><ref name="NYT-20181224b" />]]
*11 December – A report on the impact of climate change in the Arctic, published during the latest [[American Geophysical Union]] meeting, concludes that populations of wild reindeer, or [[caribou]], have crashed from almost 5 million to just 2.1 million animals in the last two decades.<ref>{{cite news|title=Climate change: Arctic reindeer numbers crash by half|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46516033|work=BBC News|date=2018-12-12|access-date=2018-12-12|last1=Gill|first1=Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2018 Arctic Report Card: Reindeer and caribou populations continue to decline|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/2018-arctic-report-card-reindeer-and-caribou-populations-continue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223164005/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/2018-arctic-report-card-reindeer-and-caribou-populations-continue|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 23, 2018|work=NOAA|date=2018-12-11|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
*17 December
**Astronomers led by [[Scott S. Sheppard|Scott Sheppard]] announce the discovery of [[2018 VG18]], nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the [[Solar System]] at approximately 120 [[Astronomical unit|AU]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Outer solar system experts find 'far out there' dwarf planet |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-most-distant-solar.html |date=17 December 2018 |work=Phys.org |access-date=20 December 2018 }}</ref>
**Scientists announce that the earliest [[Feather#In pterosaurs|feathers]] may have originated 250 million years ago, 70 million years earlier than previously thought.<ref name="NYT-20181217">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Feathers and Fur Fly Over Pterosaur Fossil Finding - An analysis of two fossils would push back the origins of feathers by about 70 million years, but more specimens may be needed for confirmation. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/science/pterosaur-feathers-fur.html |date=17 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=19 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20181218">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Pterosaurs Had Four Types of Feathers, New Study Shows |url=http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/pterosaur-feathers-06733.html |date=18 December 2018 |work=Sci-News.com |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190101">{{Cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=Michael J.|last2=Xu|first2=Xing|last3=Orr|first3=Patrick J.|last4=Kaye|first4=Thomas G.|last5=Pittman|first5=Michael|last6=Kearns|first6=Stuart L.|last7=McNamara|first7=Maria E.|last8=Jiang|first8=Baoyu|last9=Yang|first9=Zixiao|date=1 January 2019|title=Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching|journal=[[Nature Ecology & Evolution]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=24–30|doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7|pmid=30568282|issn=2397-334X|hdl=1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9|s2cid=56480710|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/pterosaur-integumentary-structures-with-complex-featherlike-branching(1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9).html|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
*18 December
**Scientists report that the earliest [[Flowering plant#Evolutionary history|flower]]s began about 180 million years ago, 50 million years earlier than previously thought.<ref name="EA-20181218">{{cite news |author=Chinese Academy of Sciences |title=Flowers originated 50 million years earlier than previously thought |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/caos-fo5121818.php |date=18 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=18 December 2018 |author-link=Chinese Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
Line 402 ⟶ 404:
* March 14 – [[Stephen Hawking]], British theoretical physicist and cosmologist (b. 1942)<ref name="NYT=20180314">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|title=Stephen Hawking Dies at 76; His Mind Roamed the Cosmos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/obituaries/stephen-hawking-dead.html|date=14 March 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>
* April 7 – [[Peter Grünberg]], German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1939)
* May 26 – [[Ted Dabney]], American
* June 29 – [[Arvid Carlsson]], Swedish neuropharmacologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
* July 18 – [[Burton Richter]], American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
* September 23 – [[Charles K. Kao]], Hong Kong-American-British physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
* October 3
* October 9 – [[Thomas A. Steitz]], American biochemist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1940)
* November 26 – [[Stephen Hillenburg]], American marine biologist and animator (b. 1961)
* December 9 – [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Italian-American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
* December 22 - [[Jean Bourgain]], Belgian mathematician and Fields Medal laureate (b. 1954)
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== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline
[[Category:2018 in science| ]]
[[Category:2018-related lists]]
[[Category:21st century in science]]
[[Category:Science timelines by year]]
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