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{{Short description|none}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year
{{Science year nav|2018}}
A number of significant scientific events occurred in '''2018'''. <!--The United Nations has declared 2018 the ''International Year of ???''.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Years|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/international-years/|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=???}}</ref>-->
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**[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] opens the first [[Amazon Go]] store, the first completely [[cashier]]-less grocery store.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/b?node=16008589011|title=Amazon Go|date=22 January 2018|website=Amazon|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2018/1/22/16920784/amazon-go-cashier-less-grocery-store-seattle-shoplifting-punishment-detection|title=Amazon doesn't care if you accidentally shoplift from its cashier-less store|date=22 January 2018|website=The Verge|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/the-future-of-shopping-amazon-go-launches-cashless-supermarket-with-no-cashiers-lines-or-registers/news-story/43bc168c8d47cd9fb2e65bcd0c629642|title=People are lining up to shop at Amazon Go's new "queue-free" concept store|date=23 January 2018|website=news.com.au|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
**Engineers at MIT develop a new computer chip, with "[[neuromorphic engineering|artificial synapses]]," which process information more like [[neuron]]s in a [[brain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2018/engineers-design-artificial-synapse-brain-on-a-chip-hardware-0122|title=Engineers design artificial synapse for "brain-on-a-chip" hardware|date=22 January 2018|website=MIT|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610038/an-artificial-synapse-could-make-brain-on-a-chip-hardware-a-reality/|title=An artificial synapse could make brain-on-a-chip hardware a reality|date=22 January 2018|website=MIT Technology Review|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
*24 January – Scientists in China report in the journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'' the creation of two [[monkey]] [[Clone (cell biology)|clones]], named ''[[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua|Zhong Zhong]]'' and ''[[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua|Hua Hua]]'', using the [[Somatic cell nuclear transfer|complex DNA transfer method]] that produced [[Dolly (sheep)|''Dolly'' the sheep]], for the first time.<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen |display-authors=etal |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180124">{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20180124">{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref>
*25 January
** Researchers report evidence that [[modern humans]] [[Early human expansions out of Africa|migrated from Africa]] at least as early as [[Middle Paleolithic|194,000 years ago]], somewhat consistent with recent genetic studies, and much earlier than previously thought.<ref name="SCI-20180126">{{cite journal |author=Herschkovitz, Israel |display-authors=etal |title=The earliest modern humans outside Africa |date=26 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6374 |pages=456–459 |doi=10.1126/science.aap8369 |pmid=29371468 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..456H |doi-access=free |hdl=10072/372670 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180125">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/science/jawbone-fossil-israel.html |date=25 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 June 2018 }}</ref>
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* 19 February – Scientists identify traces of the genes of the indigenous [[Taíno]] people in modern-day [[Puerto Ricans]], indicating that the ethnic group was not extinct as previously believed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Study_identifies_traces_of_Taino_in_present_day_Caribbean_populations?profile=1228|title=Study identifies traces of 'Taino' in present day Caribbean populations|website = [[The Jamaica Observer]]|access-date = 2 March 2018}}</ref>
* 21 February – Medical researchers report that [[e-cigarettes]] contain chemicals known to cause [[cancer]] and [[brain damage]]; as well as, contain potentially dangerous (even potentially toxic) levels of metals, including [[arsenic]], [[chromium]], [[lead]], [[manganese]] and [[nickel]].<ref name="AAAS-20180222">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Study: Lead and other toxic metals found in e-cigarette 'vapors' – Potentially dangerous levels of metals leak from some e-cigarette heating coils |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-02/jhub-sla022118.php |date=21 February 2018 |website=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |access-date=23 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NIH-201802">{{cite journal |author=Olmedo, Pablo |display-authors=etal |title=Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils |date=February 2018 |journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] |volume=126 |issue=2 |page=027010 |doi=10.1289/EHP2175 |pmid=29467105 |pmc=6066345 }}</ref><ref name="USN-20180222">{{cite web |last=Lardieri |first=Alexa |title=Study: Potentially Toxic Level of Metals Found in E-Cigarettes – Researchers found chemicals in e-cigarettes that can lead to cancer and brain damage |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/health-care-news/articles/2018-02-23/study-potentially-toxic-level-of-metals-found-in-e-cigarettes |date=22 February 2018 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=23 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PED-20180301">{{cite journal |author=Rubinstein, Mark L. |display-authors=etal |title=Adolescent Exposure to Toxic Volatile Organic Chemicals From E-Cigarettes |url= |date= March 2018 |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=e20173557 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-3557 |pmid=29507165 |pmc=5869331 }}</ref>
*28 February – Astronomers report, for the first time, a signal of the [[reionization]] epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed – about 180 million years after the [[Big Bang]].<ref name="NAT-20180228">{{cite journal |last=Gibney |first=Elizabeth |title=Astronomers detect light from the Universe's first stars − Surprises in signal from cosmic dawn also hint at presence of dark matter |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02616-8 |date=28 February 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |access-date=28 February 2018 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02616-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180228">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=When Stars Were Born: Earliest Starlight's Effects Are Detected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/28/science/stars-dark-energy.html |date=28 February 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref>
=== March ===
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** [[Google]] announces the creation of "Bristlecone", the world's most advanced [[quantum computer]] chip, featuring 72 [[qubits]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610423/google-has-built-the-worlds-most-advanced-quantum-chip/|title=Google has built the world's most advanced quantum chip|date=6 March 2018|website=Technology Review|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristlecone-googles-new.html|title=A Preview of Bristlecone, Google's New Quantum Processor |date=5 March 2018|website=Google|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Iceviistructure-ru.gif|thumb|right|200px|8 March: First detection of natural [[Ice VII]] (see structure above) on Earth.<ref name="SCI-20180308" /><ref name="LAT-20180309" />]]
*8 March – Scientists report the first detection of natural [[ice VII]] on Earth, previously it was only produced artificially. It may be common on the moons [[Enceladus]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].<ref name="SCI-20180308">{{cite journal |last=Perkins |first=Sid |title=Pockets of water may lay deep below Earth's surface |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/pockets-water-may-lay-deep-below-earth-s-surface |date=8 March 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat5630 |access-date=9 March 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="LAT-20180309">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |title=What scientists found trapped in a diamond: a type of ice not known on Earth |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-water-in-diamonds-20180308-story.html |date=9 March 2018 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
*9 March – NASA medical researchers report that [[human spaceflight]] may alter [[gene expression]] in [[astronaut]]s, based on [[twin studies]] where one astronaut twin, [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott Kelly]], spent nearly one year in space while the other, [[Mark Kelly]], remained on Earth.<ref name="TT-20180309">{{cite news |last=Hermitanio |first=Maui |title=Twins Study Update: NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Altered In Space |url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/222657/20180309/twins-study-update-nasa-astronaut-scott-kellys-dna-altered-after-one-year-in-space.htm |date=9 March 2018 |work=TechTimes.com |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="GK-20180311">{{cite web |last=Mlot |first=Stephanie |title=Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed in Space |url=https://www.geek.com/science/astronaut-scott-kellys-dna-changed-in-space-1733389/ |date=11 March 2018 |website=[[Geek.com]] |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093627/https://www.geek.com/science/astronaut-scott-kellys-dna-changed-in-space-1733389/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180131">{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Monica |last2=Abadie |first2=Laurie |title=NASA Twins Study Confirms Preliminary Findings |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings |date=31 January 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
*13 March – Scientists report that ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', a [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] [[feathered dinosaur]], was likely capable of [[Bird flight|flight]], but in a manner substantially different from that of [[Birds|modern birds]].<ref name="NAT-20180313">{{cite journal |author=Voeten, Dennis F.A.E. |display-authors=etal |title=Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx |date=13 March 2018 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=9 |page=923 |number=923 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 |pmid=29535376 |pmc=5849612 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..923V }}</ref><ref name="WP-20180313">{{cite news |last=Guarino |first=Ben |title=This feathery dinosaur probably flew, but not like any bird you know |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/03/13/this-feathery-dinosaur-probably-flew-but-not-like-any-bird-you-know/ |date=13 March 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=13 March 2018 }}</ref>
*15 March
**[[Intel]] reports that it will redesign its [[CPU]]s (performance losses to be determined) to help protect against the [[Meltdown (security vulnerability)|Meltdown]] and [[Spectre (security vulnerability)|Spectre]] security vulnerabilities (especially, Meltdown and Spectre-V2, but not Spectre-V1), and expects to release the newly redesigned processors later in 2018.<ref name="TVRG-20180315">{{cite news |last=Warren |first=Tom |title=Intel processors are being redesigned to protect against Spectre – New hardware coming later this year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/15/17123610/intel-new-processors-protection-spectre-vulnerability |date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The Verge]] |access-date=20 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="CNET-20180315">{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |title=Intel will block Spectre attacks with new chips this year – Cascade Lake processors for servers, coming this year, will fight back against a new class of vulnerabilities, says CEO Brian Krzanich. |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/intel-blocks-spectre-attacks-with-new-server-chips-this-year/ |date=15 March 2018 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=20 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="AT-20180315">{{cite web| last = Smith| first = Ryan| title = Intel Publishes Spectre & Meltdown Hardware Plans: Fixed Gear Later This Year |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/12533/intel-spectre-meltdown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315143244/https://www.anandtech.com/show/12533/intel-spectre-meltdown |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |date=15 March 2018 | website=[[AnandTech]] |access-date=20 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="TC-20180315">{{cite web |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |title=Intel announces hardware fixes for Spectre and Meltdown on upcoming chips |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/15/intel-announces-hardware-fixes-for-spectre-and-meltdown-on-upcoming-chips/ |date=15 March 2018 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |access-date=28 March 2018 }}</ref>
**Researchers at the Gladstone Institutes report a new [[cell therapy|cellular therapy]] in the journal ''[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]]'' which shows promise in combating the effects of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palop |first1=Jorge |last2=Losa |first2=Magdalena |last3=Tracy |first3=Tara |last4=Ma |first4=Keran |last5=Verret |first5=Laure |last6=Perez |first6=Alexandra |last7=Khan |first7=Abdullah |last8=Cobos |first8=Inma |last9=Ho |first9=Kaitlyn |last10=Gan |first10=Li |last11=Mucke |first11=Lennart |last12=Dolado |first12=Manuel |date=15 March 2018 |title=Nav1.1-Overexpressing Interneuron Transplants Restore Brain Rhythms and Cognition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease |url= |journal=Neuron |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=75–89.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.029 |pmid=29551491 |pmc=5886814 |hdl=10261/165766 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/cell-therapy-could-improve-brain-functions-impaired-alzheimer-s-disease|title=Cell Therapy Could Improve Brain Functions Impaired by Alzheimer's Disease|publisher=Gladstone Institutes|date=15 March 2018|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>
*19 March – [[Uber]] suspends all of its [[self-driving cars]] worldwide after a woman is killed by one of the vehicles in Arizona. This is the first recorded fatality using a fully automated version of the technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610572/a-self-driving-uber-has-killed-a-pedestrian-in-arizona/|title=A self-driving Uber has killed a pedestrian in Arizona|publisher=Technology Review|date=19 March 2018|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
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* 30 May
**The first [[3D printing|3D printed]] human [[cornea]]s are created at Newcastle University.<ref>{{cite web |title=3D printed human corneas created at Newcastle University |url=https://www.ft.com/content/39079a94-6361-11e8-a39d-4df188287fff |date=30 May 2018 |website=FT |access-date=31 May 2018 }}</ref>
**The FDA approves the first artificial [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm609291.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531233216/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm609291.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 31, 2018 |title=FDA approves first artificial iris |publisher=FDA |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
**Physicists of the [[MiniBooNE]] experiment report a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of [[sterile neutrino]]s, an elusive particle that may pass through matter without any interaction whatsoever.<ref name="LS-20180601">{{cite web |last=Letzter |first=Rafi |title=A Major Physics Experiment Just Detected A Particle That Shouldn't Exist |url=https://www.livescience.com/62721-sterile-neutrino-detected-fermilab.html |date=1 June 2018 |website=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=3 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20180530">{{cite journal |title=Observation of a Significant Excess of Electron-Like Events in the MiniBooNE Short-Baseline Neutrino Experiment |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=121 |issue=22 |pages=221801 |arxiv=1805.12028 |collaboration=MiniBooNE Collaboration |last1=Aguilar-Arevalo |first1=A. A. |last2=Brown |first2=B. C. |last3=Bugel |first3=L. |last4=Cheng |first4=G. |last5=Conrad |first5=J. M. |last6=Cooper |first6=R. L. |last7=Dharmapalan |first7=R. |last8=Diaz |first8=A. |last9=Djurcic |first9=Z. |last10=Finley |first10=D. A. |last11=Ford |first11=R. |last12=Garcia |first12=F. G. |last13=Garvey |first13=G. T. |last14=Grange |first14=J. |last15=Huang |first15=E-C. |last16=Huelsnitz |first16=W. |last17=Ignarra |first17=C. |last18=Johnson |first18=R. A. |last19=Karagiorgi |first19=G. |last20=Katori |first20=T. |last21=Kobilarcik |first21=T. |last22=Louis |first22=W. C. |last23=Mariani |first23=C. |last24=Marsh |first24=W. |last25=Mills |first25=G. B. |last26=Mirabal |first26=J. |last27=Monroe |first27=J. |last28=Moore |first28=C. D. |last29=Mousseau |first29=J. |display-authors=5 |year=2018|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.221801 |pmid=30547637 |bibcode=2018PhRvL.121v1801A |s2cid=53999758 }}</ref>
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**Footprints in the [[Yangtze Gorges]] area of South China, dating back [[Ediacaran|546 million years]], are reported to be the earliest known record of an animal with legs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oldest 'footprints' found in China |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44404246 |date=7 June 2018 |journal=BBC News |access-date=8 June 2018 }}</ref>
**The spacecraft [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'']] assumes a final (and much closer) orbit around the [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]: as close as {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} and as far away as {{convert|4000|km|mi|abbr=on}} (see [[Commons:Category:Dawn Ceres XMO7 phase|images]]).<ref name="NASA-20180613mr">{{cite web |last=Rayman |first=Marc |title=Dawn – Mission Status |url=https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_2018.html |date=13 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SFN-20180615">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Dawn spacecraft flying low over Ceres |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/06/15/dawn-spacecraft-flying-low-over-ceres/ |date=15 June 2018 |website=SpaceFlightNow.com |access-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref>
* 7 June – NASA announces that the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] has detected a cyclical seasonal variation in [[Atmosphere of Mars|atmospheric]] [[methane]] (see [[:File:PIA22328-MarsCuriosityRover-Methane-SeasonalCycle-20180607.jpg|image]]) on the planet [[Mars]], as well as the presence of [[kerogen]] and other complex [[organic compound]]s.<ref name="NASA-20180607">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Wendel |first2=JoAnna |last3=Steigerwald |first3=Bill |last4=Jones |first4=Nancy |last5=Good |first5=Andrew |title=Release 18-050 – NASA Finds Ancient Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-finds-ancient-organic-material-mysterious-methane-on-mars |date=7 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180607vid">{{cite web |author=NASA |title=Ancient Organics Discovered on Mars – video (03:17) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0gsz8EHiNc |date=7 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20180607">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Curiosity Rover Finds Ancient 'Building Blocks for Life' on Mars |url=https://www.space.com/40819-mars-methane-organics-curiosity-rover.html |date=7 June 2018 |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=7 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180607">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' - The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/science/mars-nasa-life.html |date=7 June 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180607">{{cite journal |last=Voosen |first=Paul |title=NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-rover-hits-organic-pay-dirt-mars |date=7 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | doi = 10.1126/science.aau3992 |s2cid=115442477 |access-date=7 June 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180608a">{{cite journal |last=ten Kate |first=Inge Loes |title=Organic molecules on Mars |date=8 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1068–1069 |doi=10.1126/science.aat2662|pmid=29880670 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1068T |hdl=1874/366378 |s2cid=46952468 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180608b">{{cite journal |author=Webster, Christopher R. |display-authors=etal |title=Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations |date=8 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1093–1096 |doi=10.1126/science.aaq0131|pmid=29880682 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1093W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180608c">{{cite journal |author=Eigenbrode, Jennifer L. |display-authors=etal |author-link1=Jennifer Eigenbrode|title=Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars |date=8 June 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1096–1101 |doi= 10.1126/science.aas9185|pmid=29880683 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1096E |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/60810 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* 8 June – The U.S. Department of Energy's [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] unveils [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]] as the world's most powerful [[supercomputer]], with a peak performance of 200,000 trillion calculations per second, or 200 [[petaflops]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ORNL Launches Summit Supercomputer |url=https://www.ornl.gov/news/ornl-launches-summit-supercomputer |date=8 June 2018 |website=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Summit Up and Running at Oak Ridge, Claims First Exascale Application |url=https://www.top500.org/news/summit-up-and-running-at-oak-ridge-claims-first-exascale-application/ |date=9 June 2018 |website=Top500 |access-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref>
* 11 June – [[KATRIN]], an experiment designed to measure the absolute mass of [[neutrino]]s, starts data-taking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kit.edu/kit/english/pi_2018_069_neutrinos-weighed-by-the-world-s-most-precise-scale.php|title=The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment KATRIN Starts – Official Inauguration Colloquium on June 11 – Germany's Federal Minister of Research: "an experiment of superlatives"|date=11 June 2018|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>
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*26 June – Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, develop synthetic [[T cells]] that mimic the form and function of real human versions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers develop synthetic T cells that mimic form, function of human version |url=https://www.phys.org/news/2018-06-synthetic-cells-mimic-function-human.html |date=26 June 2018 |website=PhysOrg |access-date=28 June 2018 }}</ref>
* 27 June
** Astronomers report that [[ʻOumuamua]], an object from [[Interstellar medium|interstellar space]] passing through the [[Solar System]], is a mildly active [[comet]], and not an [[asteroid]], as previously thought. This was determined by measuring a non-gravitational boost to ʻOumuamua's acceleration, consistent with comet outgassing. ([[:File:PIA22357-InterstellarObject-'Oumuamua-ExitsSolarSystem.jpg|image]]) ([https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA22357_JPL-20180620-ASTRDSf-0007-Interstellar%20Asteroid%20animation-720p.mp4 animation])<ref name="NYT-20180627">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Oumuamua Is a Comet, Really. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/science/oumuamua-comet-asteroid.html |date=27 June 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180627">{{cite journal |last=Witze |first=Alexandra |title=Mysterious interstellar visitor is a comet — not an asteroid – Quirks in 'Oumuamua's path through the Solar System helped researchers solve a case of mistaken identity |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05552-9 |date=27 June 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05552-9 |s2cid=126317359 |access-date=27 June 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180627nasa">{{cite web |last1=Cofield |first1=Calla |last2=Chou |first2=Felicia |last3=Wendel |first3=JoAnna |last4=Weaver |first4=Donna |last5=Villard |first5=Ray |title=Our Solar System's First Known Interstellar Object Gets Unexpected Speed Boost |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7173 |date=27 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref>
** Astronomers report the detection of [[Organic compound|complex macromolecular organics]] on [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], moon of the planet [[Saturn]].<ref name="NAT-20180627nat">{{cite journal |author=Postberg, Frank |display-authors=etal |title=Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus |date=27 June 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=558 |issue=7711 |pages=564–568 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0246-4 |pmid=29950623 |pmc=6027964 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..564P }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20180627">{{cite web |last1=McCartney |first1=Gretchen |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Wendel |first3=JoAnna |last4=Bauer |first4=Markus |title=Complex Organics Bubble up from Enceladus |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7174 |date=27 June 2018 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref>
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* 8 August
** Biologists report that [[Stromatoveris psygmoglena]], an [[Ediacaran biota|Ediacaran organism]] that dominated oceans half a billion years ago, was a member of [[Animal]]ia, based on [[phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name="SCI-20180808a">{{cite journal |last=Barras |first=Colin |title=These half-billion-year-old creatures were animals—but unlike any known today
|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-half-billion-year-old-creatures-were-animals-unlike-any-known-today |date=8 August 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aav0347 |s2cid=193064652 |access-date=8 August 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180808">{{cite journal |last1=Hoyal Cuthill |first1=Jennifer H. |last2=Han |first2=Jian |title=Cambrian petalonamid ''Stromatoveris'' phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals |date=2018 |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=813–823 |doi=10.1111/pala.12393 |bibcode=2018Palgy..61..813H |s2cid=54054510 |url=http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/4315/1/Cuthill_et_al-2018-Palaeontology.pdf |access-date=2018-11-11 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020172745/http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/4315/1/Cuthill_et_al-2018-Palaeontology.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Computer researchers report that [[Artificial Intelligence]] (AI) programs have found thousands of prominent [[scientist]]s overlooked by [[Wikipedia]] editors.<ref name="VRG-20180808">{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |title=AI spots 40,000 prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia – The softwares scans news stories to find overlooked figures, and even writes a draft article about them |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer |date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=8 August 2018 }}</ref>
* 9 August – Researchers in China establish a new record for [[Organic solar cell|organic photovoltaic cells]], boosting their maximum [[Solar cell efficiency|efficiency]] from 15 to 17.3 percent.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Organic and solution-processed tandem solar cells with 17.3% efficiency |date=9 August 2018 |journal=Science|volume=361 |issue=6407 |pages=1094–1098 |doi=10.1126/science.aat2612 |pmid=30093603 |last1=Meng |first1=Lingxian |last2=Zhang |first2=Yamin |last3=Wan |first3=Xiangjian |last4=Li |first4=Chenxi |last5=Zhang |first5=Xin |last6=Wang |first6=Yanbo |last7=Ke |first7=Xin |last8=Xiao |first8=Zuo |last9=Ding |first9=Liming |last10=Xia |first10=Ruoxi |last11=Yip |first11=Hin-Lap |last12=Cao |first12=Yong |last13=Chen |first13=Yongsheng |bibcode=2018Sci...361.1094M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Organic solar cells set 'remarkable' energy record |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45132427 |date=9 August 2018 |work=BBC News|access-date=15 August 2018 }}</ref>
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*21 September – The Japanese ''[[Hayabusa2]]'' probe deploys two landers on the surface of the large asteroid [[162173 Ryugu|Ryugu]].<ref>{{citation |title=Japanese Probe Drops Tiny Hopping Robots Toward Big Asteroid Ryugu |url=https://www.space.com/41898-hayabusa2-deploys-hopping-robots-asteroid-ryugu.html |date=21 September 2018 |work=Space.com|access-date=21 September 2018 }}</ref>
*24 September
**Data from the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft, which explored [[Saturn]] and its moons between 2004 and 2017, reveals what appear to be three giant [[dust storm]]s ([[:File:PIA22484-SaturnMoon-Titan-3DustStorms-20180924.jpg|see image]]), for the first time, in the equatorial regions of the moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] between the years
**Astronomers describe several possible home [[star system]]s from which the [[interstellar object]] [['Oumuamua]], found passing through the [[Solar System]] in October 2017, may have begun its [[interstellar space|interstellar journey]].<ref name="ARX-20180924">{{cite journal |arxiv=1809.09009|last1=Liang|first1=Qi-Yu|title=Plausible home stars of the interstellar object 'Oumuamua found in Gaia DR2|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=156|issue=5|pages=205|last2=Venkatramani|first2=Aditya V.|last3=Cantu|first3=Sergio H.|last4=Nicholson|first4=Travis L.|last5=Gullans|first5=Michael J.|last6=Gorshkov|first6=Alexey V.|last7=Thompson|first7=Jeff D.|last8=Chin|first8=Cheng|last9=Lukin|first9=Mikhail D.|last10=Vuletic|first10=Vladan|year=2018|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aae3eb|bibcode=2018AJ....156..205B|s2cid=119051284 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies suggest that the interstellar object is neither an [[asteroid]] nor a [[comet]].<ref name="ARX-20180920">{{cite journal |last=Rafikov |first=Roman R. |title=Spin Evolution and Cometary Interpretation of the Interstellar Minor Object 1I/2017 'Oumuamua |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=867 |issue=1 |pages=L17 |date=20 September 2018 |arxiv=1809.06389 |bibcode=2018ApJ...867L..17R |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aae977 |s2cid=119346078 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="QM-20181010">{{cite web |last=Skibba |first=Ramin |title=Interstellar Visitor Found to Be Unlike a Comet or an Asteroid |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/interstellar-comet-oumuamua-might-not-actually-be-a-comet-20181010/ |date=10 October 2018 |work=[[Quanta Magazine]] |access-date=10 October 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Giantbirds.png|thumb|right|200px|25 September: ''[[Elephant bird|Vorombe titan]]'' (similar to purple above; maroon, an [[ostrich]]; all others non-avian [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]]s), an extinct [[elephant bird]], determined to be the largest [[bird]] known to have existed.<ref name="RS-20180926" /><ref name="EA-20180925" /><ref name="NYT-20180926" />]]
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}}
*23 November
**Volume II of the [[National Climate Assessment#Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) 2017/2018|Fourth National Climate Assessment]] (NCA4) is released by the U.S. government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalchange.gov/news/release-nca4-volume-ii-and-soccr2-letter-acting-chair-subcommittee-global-change-research-and|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123191638/https://www.globalchange.gov/news/release-nca4-volume-ii-and-soccr2-letter-acting-chair-subcommittee-global-change-research-and|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2018|title=On the release of NCA4 Volume II and SOCCR2: A letter from the Acting Chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research and our Executive Director|date=23 November 2018|publisher=GlobalChange.gov|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/press/2018/latest-national-climate-assessment-shows-us-already-suffering-damages-climate-change|title=Latest National Climate Assessment Shows US Already Suffering Damages from Climate Change|date=23 November 2018|publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/23/climate-change-america-us-government-report|title=Climate change 'will inflict substantial damages on US lives'|date=23 November 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 November 2018|last1=Milman|first1=Oliver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46325168|title=Climate change: Report warns of growing impact on US life|date=23 November 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>
**The Brazilian government reports that [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|deforestation in the Amazon rainforest]] has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 km<sup>2</sup> (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-46327634|title=Amazon rainforest deforestation 'worst in 10 years', says Brazil|date=24 November 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mma.gov.br/informma/item/15259-governo-federal-divulga-taxa-de-desmatamento-na-amaz%C3%B4nia.html|title=Taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal|date=23 November 2018|publisher=Ministry of Environment|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>
**Researchers report, after detecting the presence on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) of five ''[[Enterobacter|Enterobacter bugandensis]]'' bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that [[microorganism]]s on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for [[astronaut]]s.<ref name="EA-20181122">{{cite web |author=BioMed Central |title=ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/bc-ims112018.php |date=22 November 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=AAAS |access-date=25 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="BMC-20181123">{{cite journal |author=Singh, Nitin K. |display-authors=et al |title=Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains |date=23 November 2018 |journal=[[BMC Microbiology]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=175 |doi=10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=30466389 |pmc=6251167 }}</ref>
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*2–14 December – [[COP24]] [[United Nations Climate Change conference]] in [[Katowice]].
*3 December – NASA reports the arrival of the [[OSIRIS-REx]] spacecraft to the [[C-type asteroid|carbonaceous asteroid]] [[101955 Bennu|Bennu]] after a two-year journey, and has determined that the asteroid interacted with water early in its history.<ref name="NYT-20181203-kc">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's Osiris-Rex Arrives at Asteroid Bennu After a Two-Year Journey - The spacecraft now begins a close study of the primitive space rock, seeking clues to the early solar system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/science/osiris-rex-bennu-asteroid-arrival.html |date=3 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181210">{{cite news |author=University of Arizona |title=Public Release: 10-Dec-2018 - UA-led OSIRIS-REx discovers water on asteroid, confirms Bennu as excellent mission target |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/uoa-uod121018.php |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=11 December 2018 |author-link=University of Arizona }}</ref>
*4 December –
*5 December
** An astronomer from the [[University of Oxford]] advances a new theory, related, in part, to notions of [[Negative mass|gravitationally repulsive negative masses]], presented earlier by [[Albert Einstein]], that may help better understand, in a testable manner, the considerable amounts of unknown [[dark matter]] and [[dark energy]] in the [[cosmos]].<ref name="EA-20181205">{{cite web |author=University of Oxford |title=Bringing balance to the universe: New theory could explain missing 95 percent of the cosmos |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/uoo-bbt120318.php |date=5 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=6 December 2018 |author-link=University of Oxford }}</ref><ref name="ARX-2018">{{cite journal |last=Farnes |first=J.S. |title=A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Negative Masses and Matter Creation within a Modified ΛCDM Framework |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=620 |pages=A92 |arxiv=1712.07962 |year=2018 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201832898 |bibcode=2018A&A...620A..92F |s2cid=53600834 }}</ref>
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*10 December
**''[[Voyager 2]]'', a space probe launched in 1977, is confirmed ([[:File:PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg|image of onboard detections]]) to have left the [[Solar System]] for [[interstellar space]] on 5 November 2018, six years after its sister probe, ''[[Voyager 1]]'' ([[:File:PIA22924-Voyager2LeavesTheSolarSystem-20181105.jpg|related image]]).<ref name="BBC-20181210">{{cite news |last=Gill |first=Victoria |title=Nasa's Voyager 2 probe 'leaves the Solar System' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46502820 |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=10 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20181210">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Fox |first2=Karen |last3=Cofield |first3=Calia |last4=Potter |first4=Sean |title=Release 18-115 - NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-voyager-2-probe-enters-interstellar-space |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=10 December 2018 }}</ref>
**Four glaciers in the [[Vincennes Bay]] region of [[Antarctica]] are found to be thinning at surprisingly fast rates, casting doubt on the idea that the [[East Antarctica|eastern]] part of the icy continent is stable.<ref>{{cite news|title=East Antarctica's glaciers are stirring|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46517396|newspaper=BBC News|date=2018-12-11|access-date=2018-12-11|last1=Amos|first1=Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=East Antarctica is losing ice faster than anyone thought|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07714-1|journal=Nature|pages=11|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2018-12-11|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07714-1|last1=Witze|first1=Alexandra|s2cid=134345401|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
**Researchers announce the discovery of considerable amounts of [[life form]]s, including 70% of [[bacteria]] and [[archea]] on [[Earth]], comprising up to 23 billion tonnes of [[carbon]], living up to at least {{convert|4.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} deep underground, including {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} below the seabed, according to a ten-year [[Deep Carbon Observatory]] project.<ref name="EA-20181211">{{cite news |author=Deep Carbon Observatory |title=Life in deep Earth totals 15 to 23 billion tons of carbon -- hundreds of times more than humans - Deep Carbon Observatory collaborators, exploring the 'Galapagos of the deep,' add to what's known, unknown, and unknowable about Earth's most pristine ecosystem |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/tca-lid120318.php |date=10 December 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=11 December 2018 |author-link=Deep Carbon Observatory }}</ref><ref name="SA-20181211">{{cite news |last=Dockrill |first=Peter |title=Scientists Reveal a Massive Biosphere of Life Hidden Under Earth's Surface |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-lift-lid-on-massive-biosphere-of-life-hidden-under-earth-s-surface |date=11 December 2018 |work=Science Alert |access-date=11 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="TI-20181211">{{cite news |last=Gabbatiss |first=Josh |title=Massive 'deep life' study reveals billions of tonnes of microbes living far beneath Earth's surface |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=11 December 2018 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=11 December 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181219">{{cite news |last=Klein |first=JoAnna |title=Deep Beneath Your Feet, They Live in the Octillions - The real journey to the center of the Earth has begun, and scientists are discovering subsurface microbial beings that shake up what we think we know about life. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/science/subsurface-microbes.html |date=19 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 December 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|right|200px|24 December: [[NASA]] celebrates the [[Golden jubilee|50th Anniversary]] of the [[Earthrise|1968 Christmas Eve]] (''[[Earthrise]]'') [[Apollo 8]] trip around the [[Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20181221" /><ref name="NYT-20181224a" /><ref name="NYT-20181224b" />]]
*11 December – A report on the impact of climate change in the Arctic, published during the latest [[American Geophysical Union]] meeting, concludes that populations of wild reindeer, or [[caribou]], have crashed from almost 5 million to just 2.1 million animals in the last two decades.<ref>{{cite news|title=Climate change: Arctic reindeer numbers crash by half|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46516033|work=BBC News|date=2018-12-12|access-date=2018-12-12|last1=Gill|first1=Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2018 Arctic Report Card: Reindeer and caribou populations continue to decline|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/2018-arctic-report-card-reindeer-and-caribou-populations-continue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223164005/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/2018-arctic-report-card-reindeer-and-caribou-populations-continue|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 23, 2018|work=NOAA|date=2018-12-11|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
*17 December
**Astronomers led by [[Scott S. Sheppard|Scott Sheppard]] announce the discovery of [[2018 VG18]], nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the [[Solar System]] at approximately 120 [[Astronomical unit|AU]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Outer solar system experts find 'far out there' dwarf planet |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-most-distant-solar.html |date=17 December 2018 |work=Phys.org |access-date=20 December 2018 }}</ref>
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== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline
[[Category:2018 in science| ]]
[[Category:2018-related lists]]
[[Category:21st century in science]]
[[Category:Science timelines by year]]
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