Intel Core (microarchitecture): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:56, 28 March 2023

Latest revision as of 05:40, 6 August 2025

(23 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)

Line 36:

| fsb-slow-unit = [[Transfer (computing)|MT/s]]

| fsb-fast-unit = MT/s

| arch = [[x86-16]], [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]]

| microarch = Core

| extensions = [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]], [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]], [[SSE2]], [[SSE3]], [[SSSE3]], [[SSE4]] (45nm Core 2 only), [[VT-x]] (some)

| instructions = [[x86]], [[x86-64]]

| sock2sock1 = [[Socket PM]] (µPGAμPGA 478)

| extensions = [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]], [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]], [[SSE2]], [[SSE3]], [[SSSE3]], [[SSE4]] (45nm Core 2 only), [[VT-x]] (some)

| sock1sock2 = [[Socket MP]] (µPGAμPGA 478)

| sock2 = [[Socket P]] (µPGA 478)

| sock3 = [[Socket T]] ([[LGA 775]])

| sock4 = [[Socket J]] ([[LGA 771]])

| sock5 = [[Socket 604]]

| sock6 = [[Micro-FCBGA|FCBGA]] (µBGAμBGA 479)

| sock7 = [[Micro-FCBGA|FCBGA]] (µBGAμBGA 965)

| predecessor = [[NetBurst (microarchitecture)|NetBurst]]<br/>[[Enhanced Pentium M (microarchitecture)|Enhanced Pentium M]] ([[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6]])

| successor = [[Penryn (microarchitecture)|Penryn (tick)]]<br/>(a version of Core)<br/>[[Nehalem (microarchitecture)|Nehalem (tock)]]

| support status = Unsupported

}}

The '''Intel Core microarchitecture''' (provisionally referred to as '''Next Generation Micro-architecture''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bessonov |first1=Oleg |title=New Wine into Old Skins. Conroe: Grandson of Pentium III, Nephew of NetBurst? |url=http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/cpu/p6-nexgen.html |website=ixbtlabs.com |date=9 September 2005}} Note that all mentions of "Next-Generation Micro-architecture" in Intel's slides have asterisks that warn that "micro-architecture name [[To be determined|TBD]]".</ref> and developed as '''Merom''')<ref name="hinton">{{cite web |last1=Hinton |first1=Glenn |title=Key Nehalem Choices |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/100217-slides.pdf |date=17 February 2010}}</ref> is a multi-core [[central processing unit|processor]] [[microarchitecture]] launched by [[Intel]] in mid-2006. It is a major evolution over the [[Yonah (microprocessor)|Yonah]], the previous iteration of the [[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6 microarchitecture series]] which started in 1995 with [[Pentium Pro]]. It also replaced the [[NetBurst]] (microarchitecture)|NetBurst microarchitecture]], which suffered from high power consumption and heat intensity due to an inefficient [[Pipeline (computing)|pipeline]] designed for high [[clock rate]]. In early 2004, the new version of NetBurst (Prescott) needed very high power to reach the clocks it needed for competitive performance, making it unsuitable for the shift to [[Multi-core processor|dual/multi-core]] CPUs. On May 7, 2004, Intel confirmed the cancellation of the next NetBurst, [[Tejas and Jayhawk|the next NetBurst]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Intel cancels Tejas, moves to dual-core designs |url=https://www.eetimes.com/intel-cancels-tejas-moves-to-dual-core-designs/ |website=[[EE Times]] |date=7 May 2004}}</ref> Intel had been developing Merom, the 64-bit evolution of the [[Pentium M]], since 2001,<ref name="hinton"/> and decided to expand it to all market segments, replacing NetBurst in desktop computers and servers. It inherited from Pentium M the choice of a short and efficient pipeline, delivering superior performance despite not reaching the high clocks of NetBurst.{{Efn|NetBurst had reached 3.8 GHz in 2004. Core initially reached 3 GHz, and after moving to 45nm in [[Penryn (microarchitecture)|Penryn]] would reach 3.5 GHz. [[Westmere (microarchitecture)|Westmere]], the ultimate evolution of P6, reached 3.6 GHz base and 3.86 GHz boost frequency. (Excluding the 4.4 GHz special-order Xeons.)}}

The first processors that used this architecture were code-named '[[Merom (microprocessor)|Merom]]', '[[Conroe (microprocessor)|Conroe]]', and '[[Woodcrest (microprocessor)|Woodcrest]]'; Merom is for mobile computing, Conroe is for desktop systems, and Woodcrest is for servers and workstations. While architecturally identical, the three processor lines differ in the socket used, bus speed, and power consumption. The first Core-based desktop and mobile processors were branded ''[[Intel Core#64-bit Core microarchitecture based2|Core 2]]'', later expanding to the lower-end ''[[Pentium Dual-Core]]'', ''[[Pentium]]'' and ''[[Celeron]]'' brands; while server and workstation Core-based processors were branded ''[[Xeon]]''.

==Features==

The Core microarchitecture returned to lower [[clock rate]]s and improved the use of both available clock cycles and power when compared with the preceding [[NetBurst]] (microarchitecture)|NetBurst microarchitecture]] of the [[Pentium 4]] and [[Pentium D|D]]-branded CPUs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Penryn Arrives: Core 2 Extreme QX9650 Review |url=http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,2208241,00.asp |publisher=ExtremeTech |access-date=October 30, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031004242/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0%2C1697%2C2208241%2C00.asp |archive-date=October 31, 2007}}</ref> The Core microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, [[CPU cache|cache]]s, and [[Bus (computing)|buses]], reducing the [[Electric energy consumption|power consumption]] of Core 2-branded CPUs while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied widely in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture, and semiconductor process, shown in the [[CPU power dissipation]] tables.

Like the last NetBurst CPUs, Core based processors feature multiple cores and hardware virtualization support (marketed as [[Intel VT-x]]), and [[Intel 64]] and [[SSSE3]]. However, Core-based processors do not have the [[hyper-threading]] technology as in Pentium 4 processors. This is because the Core microarchitecture is based on the [[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6 microarchitecture]] used by Pentium Pro, II, III, and M.

Line 71 ⟶ 70:

==Technology==

[[Image:Intel Core2 arch.svg|right|thumb|upright=2|Intel Core microarchitecture]]

While the Core microarchitecture is a major architectural revision, it is based in part on the [[Pentium M]] processor family designed by Intel Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003658346_intelisrael09.html |title=How Israel saved Intel |last=King |first=Ian |publisher=The Seattle Times |date=April 9, 2007 |access-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref> The [[Pipeline (computing)|pipeline]] of Core/[[Penryn (microarchitecture)|Penryn]] is 14 stages long<ref>{{cite web |title=Driving energy-efficient performance, innovation with Intel Core microarchitecture |url=https://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/idfspr_2006/BackgrounderIDF.pdf |publisher=Intel |date=7 March 2006}}</ref> – less than half of [[Pentium 4#Prescott|Prescott]]'s. Penryn's successor [[Nehalem (microarchitecture)|Nehalem]] has a two cycles higher branch misprediction penalty than Core/Penryn.<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Gelas |first1=Johan |title=The Bulldozer Aftermath: Delving Even Deeper |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/5057/the-bulldozer-aftermath-delving-even-deeper/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601190408/http://www.anandtech.com/show/5057/the-bulldozer-aftermath-delving-even-deeper/2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 1, 2012 |website=[[AnandTech]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomadakis |first1=Michael Euaggelos |title=The Architecture of the Nehalem Processor and Nehalem-EP SMP Platforms |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235960679}}</ref> Core can ideally sustain up to 4 [[instructions per cycle]] (IPC) execution rate, compared to the 3 IPC capability of [[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6]], [[Pentium M (microarchitecture)|Pentium M]] and [[NetBurst (microarchitecture)|NetBurst]] microarchitectures. The new architecture is a dual core design with a shared [[L2 cache]] engineered for maximum [[performance per watt]] and improved scalability.

One new technology included in the design is [[Macro-Ops Fusion]], which combines two [[x86]] instructions into a single [[micro-operation]]. For example, a common code sequence like a compare followed by a conditional jump would become a single micro-op. However, this technology does not work in 64-bit mode.

Core can speculatively execute [[Memory disambiguation#RAW dependence violations|loads ahead of preceding stores]] with unknown addresses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Gelas |first1=Johan |title=Intel Core versus AMD's K8 architecture |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/1998/5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107020630/http://www.anandtech.com/show/1998/5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |website=[[AnandTech]]}}</ref>

Other new technologies include 1 cycle throughput (2 cycles previously) of all 128-bit SSE instructions and a new power saving design. All components will run at minimum speed, raising speed dynamically as needed (similar to AMD's [[Cool'n'Quiet]] power-saving technology, and Intel's own [[SpeedStep]] technology from earlier mobile processors). This allows the chip to produce less heat, and minimize power use.

Line 81 ⟶ 80:

For most Woodcrest CPUs, the [[front-side bus]] (FSB) runs at 1333 [[MT/s]]; however, this is scaled down to 1066&nbsp;MT/s for lower end 1.60 and 1.86&nbsp;GHz variants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://processorfinder.intel.com/details.aspx?sSpec=SL9RZ |title=Intel Xeon Processor 5110 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |publisher=Intel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://processorfinder.intel.com/details.aspx?sSpec=SL9Ry |title=Intel Xeon Processor 5120 |publisher=Intel |access-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref> The Merom mobile variant was initially targeted to run at an FSB of 667&nbsp;MT/s while the second wave of Meroms, supporting 800&nbsp;MT/s FSB, were released as part of the Santa Rosa platform with a different socket in May 2007. The desktop-oriented Conroe began with models having an FSB of 800&nbsp;MT/s or 1066&nbsp;MT/s with a 1333&nbsp;MT/s line officially launched on July 22, 2007.

The power use of these processors is very low: average energy use is to be in the 1–2 watt range in ultra -low voltage variants, with [[thermal design power]]s (TDPs) of 65 watts for Conroe and most Woodcrests, 80 watts for the 3.0&nbsp;GHz Woodcrest, and 40 or 35 watts for the low-voltage Woodcrest. In comparison, a 2.2&nbsp;GHz AMD [[Opteron]] 875HE processor consumes 55 watts, while the energy efficient [[Socket AM2]] line fits in the 35 watt [[thermal envelope]] (specified a different way so not directly comparable). Merom, the mobile variant, is listed at 35 watts TDP for standard versions and 5 watts TDP for ultra -low voltage (ULV) versions.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

Previously, Intel announced that it would now focus on power efficiency, rather than raw performance. However, at [[Intel Developer Forum]] (IDF) in spring 2006, Intel advertised both. Some of the promised numbers were:

Line 90 ⟶ 89:

==Processor cores==

The processors of the Core microarchitecture can be categorized by number of cores, cache size, and socket; each combination of these has a unique code name and product code that is used across several brands. For instance, code name "Allendale" with product code 80557 has two cores, 2 MB L2 cache and uses the desktop socket 775, but has been marketed as Celeron, Pentium, Core 2, and Xeon, each with different sets of features enabled. Most of the mobile and desktop processors come in two variants that differ in the size of the L2 cache, but the specific amount of L2 cache in a product can also be reduced by disabling parts at production time. Tigerton dual-cores and all quad-core processors except Dunnington QC- are multi-chip modules combining two dies. For the 65&nbsp;nm processors, the same product code can be shared by processors with different dies, but the specific information about which one is used can be derived from the stepping.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center"

|-

! !! fab !! coresCores !! colspan="2" |Mobile !! colspan=2|Desktop, UP Server !! CL Server !! DP Server !! MP Server

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Single-Core [[65 nm]]

| [[65rowspan="2" nm]]|| 1

| [[Merom (microprocessor)#Merom-L|Merom-L]]<br/>80537 || || [[Conroe (microprocessor)#Conroe-L|Conroe-L]]<br/>80557 || || || ||

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Single-Core [[45 nm]]

|

| [[45 nm]]|| 1||

| [[Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-L|Penryn-L]]<br/>80585 || || || || [[Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale-CL|Wolfdale-CL]]<br/>80588 ||

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Dual-Core 65&nbsp;nm

| 65&nbsp;nm|rowspan="2" | 2

| [[Merom (microprocessor)#Merom-2M|Merom-2M]]<br/>80537 || [[Merom (microprocessor)#Merom|Merom]]<br/>80537 || [[Conroe (microprocessor)#Allendale|Allendale]]<br/>80557 || [[Conroe (microprocessor)#Conroe|Conroe]]<br/>80557 || [[Conroe (microprocessor)#Conroe-CL|Conroe-CL]]<br/>80556 || [[Woodcrest (microprocessor)|Woodcrest]]<br/>80556|| [[Xeon#7300-series "Tigerton-DC"|Tigerton-DC]]<br/>80564

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Dual-Core 45&nbsp;nm

| 45&nbsp;nm|| 2

| [[Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-3M|Penryn-3M]]<br/>80577 || [[Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn|Penryn]]<br/>80576|| [[Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale-3M|Wolfdale-3M]]<br/>80571 || [[Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale|Wolfdale]]<br/>80570 || [[Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale-CL|Wolfdale-CL]]<br/>80588 || [[Wolfdale-DP (microprocessor)|Wolfdale-DP]]<br/>80573 ||

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Quad-Core 65&nbsp;nm

| 65&nbsp;nm|rowspan="2" | 4

| || || || [[Kentsfield (microprocessor)|Kentsfield]]<br/>80562 || || [[Clovertown (microprocessor)|Clovertown]]<br/>80563|| [[TigertonXeon#7300-series (microprocessor)"Tigerton"|Tigerton QC]]<br/>80565

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Quad-Core 45&nbsp;nm

| || [[Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-QC|Penryn-QC]]<br/>80581 || [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)#Yorkfield-6M|Yorkfield-6M]]<br/>80580 || [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)#Yorkfield|Yorkfield]]<br/>80569|| [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)#Yorkfield CL|Yorkfield-CL]]<br/>80584 || [[Harpertown (microprocessor)|Harpertown]]<br/>80574 || [[Xeon#7400-series "Dunnington QC"|Dunnington QC]]<br/>80583

| 45&nbsp;nm|| 4

| || [[Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-QC|Penryn-QC]]<br/>80581 || [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)#Yorkfield-6M|Yorkfield-6M]]<br/>80580 || [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)#Yorkfield|Yorkfield]]<br/>80569|| [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)#Yorkfield CL|Yorkfield-CL]]<br/>80584 || [[Harpertown (microprocessor)|Harpertown]]<br/>80574 || [[Xeon#7400-series "Dunnington QC"|Dunnington QC]]<br/>80583

|- style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:left;"|Six-Core 45&nbsp;nm

| 6

| 45&nbsp;nm|| 6

| || || || || || || [[Dunnington (microprocessor)|Dunnington]]<br/>80582

|}

Line 133 ⟶ 130:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center"

! Processor !! Brand name !! Model (list) !! Cores !! L2 Cache !! Socket || TDP

|-

| colspan="7" |'''Mobile processors'''

|-

| [[Merom (microprocessor)|Merom]]-2M

Line 144 ⟶ 143:

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-2M" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T5xxx<br/>T7xxx]] || 2–4 MB || [[Socket M]]<br/>[[Socket P]]<br/>BGA479 || 35 W

|-

| Merom XE

| Mobile Core 2 Extreme

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom XE" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|X7xxx]] || 2 || 4 MB || Socket P || 44 W

Line 150 ⟶ 149:

| Merom

| rowspan=2|[[Celeron M]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|5x0]] || rowspan=2|1 || rowspan=2|1 MB || Socket M<br/>Socket P || 30 W

|-

| Merom-2M

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom-2M" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|5x5]] || rowspan="3" | Socket P || 31 W

|-

| Merom-2M

| Celeron Dual-Core

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom-2M" (standard-voltage, 65 nm) 2|T1xxx]] || 2 || 512–1024 KB || Socket P || 35 W

|-

| Merom-2M

| [[Pentium Dual-Core]]

| [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Merom-M", "Merom-2M" (65 nm)|T2xxx<br/>T3xxx]] || 2 || 1 MB || Socket P || 35 W

|-

| colspan="7" |'''Desktop processors'''

|-

| [[Conroe (microprocessor)#Allendale|Allendale]] || rowspan=2|[[Xeon]] || [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|3xxx]] || rowspan=2|2 || 2 MB || rowspan=2|[[LGA 775]] || rowspan=2|65 W

Line 178 ⟶ 179:

| Conroe-XE

| [[Intel Core#Core 2 Extreme|Core 2 Extreme]]

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Conroe XE" (65 nm)|X6xxx]] || 2 || 4 MB || rowspan="6" | LGA 775 || 75 W

|-

| Allendale

| [[Pentium Dual-Core]]

| [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|E2xxx]] || 2 || 1 MB || LGA 775 || 65 W

|-

| Allendale

| [[Celeron]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|E1xxx]] || 2 || 512 KB || LGA 775 || 65 W

|-

| [[Kentsfield (microprocessor)|Kentsfield]]

| [[Xeon]] || [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Kentsfield" (65 nm)|32xx]] || 4 || 2×4 MB || [[LGA 775]] || 95–105 W

|-

| Kentsfield

| [[Intel Core#Core 2 Quad|Core 2 Quad]] || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Kentsfield" (65 nm)|Q6xxx]] || 4 || 2×4 MB || LGA 775 || 95–105 W

|-

| Kentsfield XE

| [[Intel Core#Core 2 Extreme|Core 2 Extreme]] || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Kentsfield XE" (65 nm)|QX6xxx]] || 4 || 2×4 MB || LGA 775 || 130 W

|-

| [[Xeon#Woodcrest|Woodcrest]] || rowspan=8|[[Xeon]] || [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Woodcrest" (65&nbsp;nm)|51xx]] || 2 || 4 MB || LGA 771 || 65–80 W

Line 205 ⟶ 206:

| X53xx || 120–150 W

|-

| [[Xeon#Tigerton|Tigerton-DC]] || [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Tigerton" (65&nbsp;nm)|E72xx]] || 2 || rowspan=2|2×4 MB || rowspan=4|[[Socket 604]] || 80 W

|-

| rowspan=3|[[Xeon#Tigerton|Tigerton QC]] || L73xx || rowspan=3| 4 || 50 W

|-

| E73xx || 2×2–2×4 MB || 80 W

Line 227 ⟶ 228:

| Merom-L

| rowspan=2|[[Celeron M]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|5x0]] || rowspan=2|1 || 512 KB || Socket M<br/>Socket P || 27 W

|-

| Merom-L

Line 246 ⟶ 247:

In Intel's [[Intel Tick-Tock|Tick-Tock]] cycle, the 2007/2008 "Tick" was the shrink of the Core microarchitecture to 45 nanometers as CPUID model 23. In Core 2 processors, it is used with the code names Penryn (Socket P), Wolfdale (LGA 775) and Yorkfield (MCM, LGA 775), some of which are also sold as Celeron, Pentium and Xeon processors. In the Xeon brand, the [[Xeon#5200-series "Wolfdale-DP"|Wolfdale-DP]] and [[Xeon#5400-series "Harpertown"|Harpertown]] code names are used for LGA 771 based MCMs with two or four active Wolfdale cores.

Architecturally, 45&nbsp;nm Core 2 processors feature SSE4.1 and new divide/shuffle engine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505135238/http://www.anandtech.com/show/2362|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 5, 2010|title = Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9650 - Penryn Ticks Ahead}}</ref>

The chips come in two sizes, with 6 MB and 3 MB L2 cache. The smaller version is commonly called Penryn-3M and Wolfdale-3M and Yorkfield-6M, respectively. The single-core version of Penryn, listed as Penryn-L here, is not a separate model like Merom-L but a version of the Penryn-3M model with only one active core.

Line 252 ⟶ 253:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center"

! Processor !! Brand name !! Model (list) !! Cores !! L2 Cache !! Socket || TDP

|-

| colspan="7" |'''Mobile processors'''

|-

| [[Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-L|Penryn-L]]

Line 295 ⟶ 298:

|-

| Penryn-QC

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn QC XE" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|QX9xxxQX9300]] || 4 || 2x6 MB || 45 W

|-

| rowspan=2 | Penryn-3M

Line 301 ⟶ 304:

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard-voltage, 45 nm) 2|T3xxx]] || rowspan=2 | 2 || rowspan=2|1 MB || Socket P || 35 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm) 2|SU2xxx]] || µFCμFC-BGA 956 ||10 W

|-

| rowspan=2 | Penryn-L

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|9x0]] || rowspan=2 | 1 || rowspan=2|1 MB || Socket P || 35 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm)|7x3]] || µFCμFC-BGA 956|| 10 W

|-

| rowspan=2 | Penryn-3M

Line 312 ⟶ 315:

| [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard voltage, 45 nm)|T4xxx]]|| rowspan=2 | 2 || 1 MB || Socket P || 35 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low voltage, 45 nm)|SU4xxx]] || rowspan=2|2 MB || rowspan=2|µFCμFC-BGA 956|| 10 W

|-

| Penryn-L

| [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Penryn-L" (ultra-low voltage, 45 nm)|SU2xxx]] || 1 || 5.5 W

|-

| colspan="7" |'''Desktop processors'''

| rowspan=6|[[Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale-3M|Wolfdale-3M]]

|-

| rowspan=6"5" |[[Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale-3M|Wolfdale-3M]]

| [[Celeron]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Wolfdale-3M" (45 nm)|E3xxx]] || rowspan=7|2 || rowspan=2|1 MB || rowspan=7|LGA 775 || rowspan=6|65 W

Line 335 ⟶ 339:

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Wolfdale" (45 nm)|E8xxx]] || rowspan=4|6 MB

|-

| rowspan=3"5" |[[Xeon]]

| [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Wolfdale" (45 nm)|31x0]] || 45-65 W

|-

Line 344 ⟶ 348:

|-

| [[Yorkfield (microprocessor)|Yorkfield]]

| rowspan=2|[[Xeon]]

| [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Yorkfield" (45 nm)|X33x0]] || rowspan=7|4 || rowspan=2|2×3–2×6 MB || [[LGA 775]] || 65–95 W

|-

Line 363 ⟶ 366:

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Yorkfield XE" (45 nm)|QX9xxx]] || rowspan=2|2×6 MB || 130–136 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Yorkfield XE" (45 nm)|QX9xx5]] || rowspan="4" | LGA 771 || 150 W

|-

| rowspan=3|[[Xeon#Wolfdale-DP|Wolfdale-DP]]

Line 370 ⟶ 373:

| rowspan=3|2

| rowspan=3|6 MB

| rowspan=3|LGA 771

| 65 W

|-

Line 377 ⟶ 379:

|-

| X52xx

| rowspan="2" | 80 W

|-

| rowspan=3|[[Xeon#Harpertown|Harpertown]]

Line 384 ⟶ 386:

| rowspan=3|2×6 MB

| rowspan=3|LGA 771

| 80 W

|-

| L54xx

Line 447 ⟶ 448:

|-

! B2

| Jul 2006 || 143&nbsp;mm²² || 06F6 || 4&nbsp;MB || 2.93&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M5xx]] || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T5000 T7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (low-voltage, 65 nm)|L7000]]

| || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Conroe" (65 nm)|E6000 X6000]]

| [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Conroe" (65 nm)|3000]]

Line 454 ⟶ 455:

|-

! B3

| Nov 2006 || 143&nbsp;mm²² || 06F7 || 4&nbsp;MB || 3.00&nbsp;GHz

| || ||

| || || ||

Line 462 ⟶ 463:

|-

! L2

| Jan 2007 || 111&nbsp;mm²² || 06F2 || 2&nbsp;MB || 2.13&nbsp;GHz

| || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T5000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom-2M" (ultra-low-voltage, 65 nm)|U7000]]

| || [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|E2000]]

Line 471 ⟶ 472:

|-

! E1

| May 2007 || 143&nbsp;mm²² || 06FA || 4&nbsp;MB || 2.80&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M5xx]] ||

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (low-voltage, 65 nm)|L7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom XE" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|X7000]]

| || || ||

Line 479 ⟶ 480:

|-

! G0

| Apr 2007 || 143&nbsp;mm²² || 06FB || 4&nbsp;MB || 3.00&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M5xx]] || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (low-voltage, 65 nm)|L7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom XE" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|X7000]]

| || [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Conroe" (65 nm)|E2000]] || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|E4000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Conroe" (65 nm)|E6000]] || [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Conroe" (65 nm)|3000]]

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Kentsfield" (65 nm)|Q6000 QX6000]]

Line 487 ⟶ 488:

|-

! G2

| Mar 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qdms.intel.com/dm/i.aspx/AFFA9254-C0C8-4D98-97B7-1F89751F9933/PCN108529-03.pdf|title=Intel Core 2 Duo Mobile Processors T7400 & L7400 and Intel Celeron M Processor 530 (Merom - Napa Refresh), PCN 108529-03, Product Design, B-2 to G-2 Stepping Conversion, Reason for Revision: Change G-0 to G-2 Stepping and Correct Post Conversion MM#|publisher=Intel|date=March 30, 2009}}</ref> || 143&nbsp;mm² || 06FB || 4&nbsp;MB || 2.16&nbsp;GHz

| Mar 2009 || 143&nbsp;mm² || 06FB || 4&nbsp;MB || 2.16&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M5xx]] ||

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom-2M" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T5000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (low-voltage, 65 nm)|L7000]]

| || || ||

Line 495 ⟶ 496:

|-

! M0

| Jul 2007 || 111&nbsp;mm²² || 06FD || 2&nbsp;MB || 2.40&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom-2M" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|5xx]] [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#Celeron T1000|T1000]]

| [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Merom-M", "Merom-2M" (65 nm)|T2000 T3000]]

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|T5000 T7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom-2M" (ultra-low-voltage, 65 nm)|U7000]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Allendale" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|E1000]]

| [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|E2000]]

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Allendale" (65 nm)|E4000]] ||

Line 506 ⟶ 507:

|-

! A1

| Jun 2007 || 81&nbsp;mm²²{{Efn|77 mm² according to Intel,<ref>[https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/29736/intel-celeron-processor-440-512k-cache-2-00-ghz-800-mhz-fsb.html Intel® Celeron® Processor 440] ''ark.intel.com''</ref> 80&nbsp;mm² according to Hiroshige Goto<ref>[https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2008/0402/kaigai01_07.pdf Intel CPU Die-Size and Microarchitecture]</ref>}} || 10661 || 1&nbsp;MB || 2.20&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Merom", "Merom-L" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M5xx]] || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Merom-L" (ultra-low-voltage, 65 nm)|U2000]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Conroe-L" (65 nm)|220 4x0]] || || ||

| ||

Line 538 ⟶ 539:

! L2 cache

! Max. clock

! [[Celeron]] || [[Pentium]] || [[Intel Core#64-bit Core microarchitecture based2|Core&nbsp;2]]

! [[Celeron]] || [[Pentium]] || [[Intel Core#64-bit Core microarchitecture based2|Core&nbsp;2]] || [[Xeon]]

! [[Intel Core#64-bit Core microarchitecture based2|Core&nbsp;2]] || [[Xeon]]

! [[Xeon]]

|-

! C0

| Nov 2007 || 107&nbsp;mm²² || 10676 || 6&nbsp;MB || 3.00&nbsp;GHz

| || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (Apple iMac specific, 45 nm)|E8000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (medium-voltage, 45 nm)|P7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|T8000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|T9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (medium-voltage, 45 nm)|P9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (medium-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SP9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SL9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn XE" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|X9000]]

| || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Wolfdale" (45 nm)|E8000]] || [[List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Wolfdale" (45 nm)|3100]]

Line 551 ⟶ 552:

|-

! M0

| Mar 2008 || 82&nbsp;mm²² || 10676 || 3&nbsp;MB || 2.40&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm)|7xx]] ||

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SU3000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (medium-voltage, 45 nm)|P7000 P8000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|T8000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SU9000]]

Line 560 ⟶ 561:

|-

! C1

| Mar 2008 || 107&nbsp;mm²² || 10677 || 6&nbsp;MB || 3.20&nbsp;GHz

| || ||

| || ||

Line 568 ⟶ 569:

|-

! M1

| Mar 2008 || 82&nbsp;mm²² || 10677 || 3&nbsp;MB || 2.50&nbsp;GHz

| || ||

| || ||

Line 576 ⟶ 577:

|-

! E0

| Aug 2008 || 107&nbsp;mm²² || 1067A || 6&nbsp;MB || 3.33&nbsp;GHz

| || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|T9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (medium-voltage, 45 nm)|P9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (medium-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SP9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn" (low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SL9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn QC" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|Q9000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn QC XE" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|QX9000]]

| || || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Wolfdale" (45 nm)|E8000]]

Line 585 ⟶ 586:

|-

! R0

| Aug 2008 || 82&nbsp;mm²² || 1067A || 3&nbsp;MB || 2.93&nbsp;GHz

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm)|7xx]] [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|900]] [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#Celeron SU2000|SU2000]] [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#Celeron T3000|T3000]] || [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard voltage, 45 nm)|T4000]] [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Penryn-L" (ultra-low voltage, 45 nm)|SU2000]] [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low voltage, 45 nm)|SU4000]] || [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SU3000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (standard-voltage, 45 nm)|T6000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SU7000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (medium-voltage, 45 nm)|P8000]] [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Penryn-3M" (ultra-low-voltage, 45 nm, Small Form Factor)|SU9000]]

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Wolfdale-3M" (45 nm)|E3000]] || [[List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors#"Wolfdale-3M" (45 nm)|E5000]] [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Wolfdale-3M" (45 nm) 2|E6000]]

| [[List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors#"Wolfdale-3M" (45 nm)|E7000]] ||

Line 594 ⟶ 595:

|-

! A1

| Sep 2008 || 503&nbsp;mm²² || 106D1 || 3&nbsp;MB || 2.67&nbsp;GHz

| || ||

| || ||

Line 601 ⟶ 602:

|}

In the model 23 (cpuid 01067xh), Intel started marketing stepping with full (6&nbsp;MB) and reduced (3&nbsp;MB) L2 cache at the same time, and giving them identical cpuid values. All steppings have the new [[SSE4|SSE4.1]] instructions. Stepping C1/M1 was a bug fix version of C0/M0 specifically for quad core processors and only used in those. Stepping E0/R0 adds two new instructions (XSAVE/XRSTOR) and replaces all earlier steppings.

In mobile processors, stepping C0/M0 is only used in the Intel Mobile 965 Express ([[Centrino#Santa Rosa platform (2007)|Santa Rosa refresh]]) platform, whereas stepping E0/R0 supports the later Intel Mobile 4 Express ([[Centrino#Montevina platform (2008)|Montevina]]) platform.

Model 30 stepping A1 (cpuid 106d1h) adds an L3 cache and six instead of the usual two cores, which leads to an unusually large die size of 503&nbsp;mm²².<ref>{{cite web |title=ARK entry for Intel Xeon Processor X7460 |url=http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=36947&processor=X7460&spec-codes=SLG9P |publisher=Intel |access-date=July 14, 2009}}</ref> As of February 2008, it has only found its way into the very high-end Xeon 7400 series ([[Dunnington (microprocessor)|Dunnington]]).

==System requirements==

Line 614 ⟶ 615:

Supporting [[chipset]]s are:

* [[Intel Corporation|Intel]]: 865G/PE/P, 945G/GZ/GC/P/PL, 965G/P, 975X, P/G/Q965, Q963, 946GZ/PL, P3x, G3x, Q3x, X38, X48, P4x, 5400 Express (See also: [[List of Intel chipsets]])

* [[NVIDIANvidia]]: [[nForce4]] Ultra/SLI X16 for Intel, [[nForce 500|nForce 570/590 SLI]] for Intel, [[nForce 600|nForce 650i Ultra/650i SLI/680i LT SLI/680i SLI]] and [[nForce 700|nForce 750i SLI/780i SLI/790i SLI/790i Ultra SLI]].

* [[VIA Technologies|VIA]]: P4M800, P4M800PRO, P4M890, P4M900, PT880 Pro/Ultra, PT890. (See also: [[List of VIA chipsets]])

* [[Silicon Integrated Systems|SiS]]: 662, 671, 671fx, 672, 672fx

* [[ATI Technologies|ATI]]: [[Xpress 200|Radeon Xpress 200]] and CrossFire Xpress 3200 for Intel

The Yorkfield XE model QX9770 (45&nbsp;nm with 1600 MT/s FSB) has limited chipset compatibility - with only X38, P35 (Withwith [[Overclockingoverclocking]]) and some high-performance X48 and P45 motherboards being compatible. BIOS updates were gradually being released to provide support for the Penryn technology, and the QX9775 is only compatible with the Intel D5400XS motherboard. The Wolfdale-3M model E7200 also has limited compatibility (at least the Xpress 200 chipset is incompatible){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}).

Although a motherboard may have the required chipset to support Conroe, some motherboards based on the above-mentioned chipsets do not support Conroe. This is because all Conroe-based processors require a new power delivery feature set specified in [http://download.intel.com/design/processor/applnots/31321402.pdf Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD) 11.0]. This requirement is a result of Conroe's significantly lower power consumption, compared to the Pentium 4/D CPUs it replaced. A motherboard that has both a supporting chipset and VRD 11 supports Conroe processors, but even then some boards will need an updated [[BIOS]] to recognize Conroe's FID (Frequency ID) and VID (Voltage ID).

Line 626 ⟶ 627:

Unlike the prior [[Pentium 4]] and [[Pentium D]] design, the Core 2 technology sees a greater benefit from memory running [[Synchronization (computer science)|synchronously]] with the [[front-side bus]] (FSB). This means that for the Conroe CPUs with FSB of 1066&nbsp;MT/s, the ideal memory performance for DDR2 is [[DDR2 SDRAM#Specification standards|PC2-8500]]. In a few configurations, using [[DDR2 SDRAM#Specification standards|PC2-5300]] instead of PC2-4200 can actually decrease performance. Only when going to [[DDR2 SDRAM#Specification standards|PC2-6400]] is there a significant performance increase. While DDR2 memory models with tighter timing specifications do improve performance, the difference in real world games and applications is often negligible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intel Core 2: Is high speed memory worth its price? |url=http://www.madshrimps.be/gotoartik.php?articID=472 |publisher=Madshrimps |author=piotke |date=August 1, 2006 |access-date=August 1, 2006}}</ref>

Optimally, the memory bandwidth afforded should match the bandwidth of the FSB, that is to say that a CPU with a 533&nbsp;MT/s rated bus speed should be paired with RAM matching the same rated speed, for example DDR2 533, or PC2-4200. A common myth{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} is that installing interleaved RAM will offer double the bandwidth. However, at most the increase in bandwidth by installing interleaved RAM is roughly 5–10%. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116070359/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155324,00.asp AGTL+ PSB] used by all [[NetBurst (microarchitecture)|NetBurst]] processors and current and medium-term (pre-[[Intel QuickPath Interconnect|QuickPath]]) Core 2 processors provide a 64-bit data path. Current chipsets provide for a couple of either DDR2 or DDR3 channels.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center"

Line 673 ⟶ 674:

==Chip errata==

<!-- Someone should verify this more rigorously. -->

The Core 2 [[memory management unit]] (MMU) in X6800, E6000 and E4000 processors does not operate to prior specifications [[implementation|implemented]] in prior generations of [[x86]] hardware. This may cause problems, many of them serious security and stability issues, with extant [[operating system]] software. Intel's documentation states that their programming manuals will be updated "in the coming months" with information on recommended methods of managing the [[translation lookaside buffer]] (TLB) for Core 2 to avoid issues, and admits that, "in rare instances, improper TLB invalidation may result in unpredictable system behavior, such as hangs or incorrect data."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7200 Series and Quad-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7300 Series |url=http://download.intel.com/design/processor/datashts/31327807.pdf |page=46 |access-date=January 23, 2010}}</ref>

Among the issues stated:

Line 688 ⟶ 689:

==See also==

* [[x86 architecture]]

* [[List of Intel CPU microarchitectures]]

Line 701 ⟶ 702:

*[http://www.intel.com/products/roadmap/ Intel processor roadmap]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070415163814/http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=217 A Detailed Look at Intel's New Core Architecture]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060310044430/http://anandtech.com/tradeshows/showdoc.aspx?i=2711&p=2 Intel names the Core Microarchitecture]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060717124332/http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/editorial/display/idf-s2006_5.html Pictures of processors using the Core Microarchitecture, among others (also first mention of Clovertown-MP)]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060322051611/http://www.tgdaily.com/2006/03/07/idf_keynotes_welcome_to_intel_3-point-0/ IDF keynotes, advertising the performance of the new processors]

Line 707 ⟶ 708:

*[http://www.realworldtech.com/page.cfm?ArticleID=RWT030906143144 RealWorld Tech's overview of the Core microarchitecture]

*[https://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/cpu/core.ars Detailed overview of the Core microarchitecture at Ars Technica]

*[https://archive.today/20130117023531/http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2748 Intel Core versus AMD's K8 architecture at Anandtech]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110810020619/http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=2015 Release dates of upcoming Intel Core processors using the Intel Core Microarchitecture]

*[http://www.hexus.net/content/item.php?item=6184 Benchmarks Comparing the Computational Power of Core Architecture against Older Intel NetburstNetBurst and AMD Athlon64 Central Processing Units]

{{Intel processors|core}}

Line 716 ⟶ 717:

[[Category:Intel microarchitectures|Core]]

[[Category:X86 microarchitectures|Core]]

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2006]]