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Line 52: * [[Processor register]]s{{dash}}the fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle). A few thousand bytes in size. * [[CPU cache\|Cache]] Level 0 (L0), [[micro-operation]]s cache{{dash}}6,144 bytes (6 KiB{{cn\|reason=No source provided for IEC units, sources only use metric units like KB, MB, GB, etc\|date=May 2021}}{{Original research inline\|certain=y\|date=May 2021}})<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6355/intels-haswell-architecture/6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163104/http://www.anandtech.com/show/6355/intels-haswell-architecture/6 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=October 7, 2012 \|title=Intel's Haswell Architecture Analyzed: Building a New PC and a New Intel \|publisher=AnandTech \|access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref> in size Level 1 (L1) [[Opcode\|instruction]] cache{{dash}}128 KiB{{cn\|reason=No source provided for IEC units, sources only use metric units like KB, MB, GB, etc\|date=May 2021}}{{Original research inline\|certain=y\|date=May 2021}} in size ** Level 1 (L1) data cache{{dash}}128 KiB{{cn\|reason=No source provided for IEC units, sources only use metric units like KB, MB, GB, etc\|date=May 2021}}{{Original research inline\|certain=y\|date=May 2021}} in size. Best access speed is around 700 [[Gigabyte\|GB]]/s.<ref name=sisd_qa_f_mem_hsw>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/?d=qa&f=mem_hsw \|title=SiSoftware Zone \|publisher=Sisoftware.co.uk \|access-date=2014-07-31\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913231938/http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/?d=qa&f=mem_hsw\|archive-date=2014-09-13}}</ref> Line 63: * [[Offline storage]] The lower levels of the hierarchy – {{dash}}from mass storage downwards – {{dash}}are also known as [[tiered storage]]. The formal distinction between online, nearline, and offline storage is:<ref name="pearson2010">{{cite web\|last=Pearson\|first=Tony\|year=2010\|title=Correct use of the term Nearline.\|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/InsideSystemStorage/entry/the_correct_use_of_the_term_nearline2\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127020712/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/InsideSystemStorage/entry/the_correct_use_of_the_term_nearline2?lang=en\|archive-date=2018-11-27\|access-date=2015-08-16\|work=IBM Developerworks, Inside System Storage}}</ref> * Online storage is immediately available for I/O. * Nearline storage is not immediately available, but can be made online quickly without human intervention.