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{{about|labial rounding|internal rounding|sulcalization}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Labialized (spread lips)
| ipa symbol
}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion (rounded lips)
| ipa symbol = ◌ʷ
}}
{{Sound change}}
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'''Labialization''' is a [[Secondary articulation|secondary articulatory]] feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the [[Human mouth|oral cavity]] produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to [[consonant]]s. When vowels involve the lips, they are called [[roundedness|rounded]].
The most common labialized consonants are [[Labialized velar consonant|labialized velars]]. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous [[velarization]], and the process may then be more precisely called '''labio-velarization'''. The "labialization" of bilabial consonants often refers to '''protrusion''' instead of a secondary articulatory feature [[velarization]]. {{IPA|[pʷ]}} doesn't mean {{IPA|[pˠ]}} although {{IPA|[w]}} refers to a [[labial–velar approximant]].
In [[phonology]], labialization may also refer to a type of [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] process.
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Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] (e.g. [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]), [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]], and [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] [[language family|language families]], among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the common ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]]; and it survives in [[Latin language|Latin]] and some [[Romance languages]]. It is also found in the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] and [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethio-Semitic]] languages.
[[American English]] labializes {{IPA|/r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/}} to various degrees.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
A few languages, including [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]] and [[Mba language|Mba]], have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.
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==Types==
{{Infobox IPA
| above
| ipa symbol = ◌ꟹ
| ipa number =
| decimal1
}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Labiodentalization
| ipa symbol = ◌ᶹ
| ipa number =
| decimal1 =
}}
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* Labiodental frication, found in [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]<ref name="ARA">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzO7A7-xcUC&q=abkhaz+labialized|title = Annual Review of Anthropology|year = 1977|isbn = 9780824319069| last1=Siegel | first1=Bernard J. | publisher=Annual Reviews Incorporated }}</ref>
* Labiodentalization is a common idiosyncrasy of English {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}, and especially of {{IPA|/r/}}.<ref>John Laver [1994: 321] ''Principles of Phonetics''</ref>
* Complete bilabial closure, {{IPA|[d͡b, t͡p, t͡pʼ]}}, found in Abkhaz and [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]<ref name="ARA" />
* "Labialization" ({{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the [[Iroquoian languages]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. It may be that they are [[roundedness|compressed]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* Rounding without velarization, found in [[Shona language|Shona]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} and in the [[Bzyb dialect]] of [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
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In the [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] as well as some [[Australian languages]] rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and [[Eastern Arrernte]], for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.
==List of labialized consonants==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
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| protruded [[voiceless bilabial stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg|[pʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Chaha, [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]], Paha
|-
| protruded [[voiced bilabial stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced bilabial plosive.ogg|[bʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Chaha, [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]], Paha, [[Mayo language|Mayo]], [[Yaqui language|Yaqui]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless alveolar stop]]
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| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless velar stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless velar plosive.ogg|[kʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], [[Halkomelem]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, [[Akan language|Akan]], Nez Perce, Archi, [[Cantonese]], Wariʼ, [[Chaha language|Chaha]], [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Igala language|Igala]], [[Igbo language|Igbo
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced velar stop]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced velar plosive.ogg|[ɡʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]], Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless uvular stop]]
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|-
| protruded [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] [[voiced labial–velar stop]]
| <big>{{IPA|[
| [[Volow language|Volow]]
|-
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| protruded [[voiceless bilabial fricative]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ɸʷ]}}</big>
| Okinawan, [[Taruma language|Taruma]]
|-
| protruded [[voiced bilabial fricative]]
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| [[Tamambo language|Tamambo]]
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiceless labiodental fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiceless dental fricative.ogg|[fʷ]|help=no}}</big>
| Hadza, Chaha
|-
| lab<sup>zd</sup> [[voiced labiodental fricative]]
| <big>{{audio-IPA|Labialized voiced dental fricative.ogg|[vʷ]|help=no}}</big>
|
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| [[Voiceless labio-velar approximant]]
| <big>{{IPA|[ʍ]}}</big>
| certain dialects of English, [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
|-
| [[nasal labialized velar approximant]]
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==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Crowley
* {{SOWL}}
* {{
|last=Ruhlen
|first=
|author-link=Merritt Ruhlen
|year=1976
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}}
* {{
|last1=Yanushevskaya
|first1=Irena
| |||