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'''Universal Networking Language''' ('''UNL''') is a declarative [[formal language]] specifically designed to represent [[semantic]] data extracted from [[natural language]] texts. It can be used as a [[pivot language]] in [[interlingual machine translation]] systems or as a [[knowledge representation]] language in [[information retrieval]] applications.

'''Universal Networking Language''' ('''UNL''') is a declarative [[formal language]] specifically designed to represent [[Semantics|semantic]] data extracted from [[natural language]] texts. It can be used as a [[pivot language]] in [[interlingual machine translation]] systems or as a [[knowledge representation]] language in [[information retrieval]] applications.

UNL was created at the [http://www.undl.org/ UNL Center] of the [http://www.ias.unu.edu Institute of Advanced Studies] of the [[United Nations University]], in Tokyo.

== Scope and goals ==

The UNL is an effort to achieve a simple basis for representing the most central aspects of information and meaning in a machine- and human-language-independent form. As a language-independent formalism, the UNL aims at coding, storing, disseminating and retrieving information independently of the original language in which it was expressed. In this sense, UNL seeks to provide the tools for overcoming the language barrier in a systematic way.

At first glance, the UNL seems to be a multilingual machine translation system, i.e., a kind of Interlingua, to which the source texts are converted before being translated into the target languages. It can, in fact, be used for such a purpose, and very efficiently too. However, its real strength is to represent knowledge and its primary objective is to serve as an infrastructure for handling knowledge that already exists or can exist in any given language.

Nevertheless, it is important to note that at this point in time it would be foolish to state it possible to represent the “full” meaning of any word, sentence or text for any language. Subtleties of intention and interpretation make the “full meaning”, whatever concept we might have of it, too variable and subjective for any systematic treatment. The UNL avoids the pitfalls of trying to represent the “full meaning” of sentences or texts, targeting instead the “core” or “consensual” meaning that is most often attributed to them. In this sense, much of the subtlety of poetry, metaphor, figurative language, innuendo and other complex, indirect communicative behaviors is beyond the current scope and goals of the UNL. Instead, the UNL targets direct communicative behavior and literal meanings as a tangible, concrete basis for much or most of human communication in practical, day-to-day settings.

== Structure ==

In the UNL, approach,the information conveyed by the natural language is represented, sentence by sentence, as a [[hypergraph]] composed of a set of directed binary labeled links (referred to as '''relations''') between nodes or hypernodes. (theAs '''Universalan Words'''example, orthe simplyEnglish '''UW'''),sentence which"The standsky for concepts.was UWsblue?!" can also be annotatedrepresented within '''attributes'''UNL representingas context information.follows:

As a matter of example, the English sentence ‘The sky was blue?!’ can be represented in UNL as follows:

[[File:UNLGraph.svg]]

In the example above, "<code>sky(icl>natural world)"</code> and "<code>blue(icl>color)"</code>, which represent individual concepts, are UWs; "aoj" (=UW's attributeattributes of an object) isdirected ato directedlinking binarythe semantic relation linkingbetween the two UWs; and "@def", "@interrogative", "@past", "@exclamation" and "@entry" are attributes modifying UWs.

UWs are supposed to represent universal concepts which are expressed in English words or in any other natural language in order to be humanly readable. They consist of a "headword" (the UW root) and a "constraint list" (the UW suffix between parentheses), where the latterconstraints beingare used to disambiguate the general concept conveyed by the formerheadword. The set of UWs areis organized in [[the UNL Ontology]], where upper concepts are used to disambiguate the lower ones through "icl" (= is a kind of), "iof" (= is an instance of) and "equ" (= is equal to) relations.

Relations are expectedintended to represent semantic links between words in every existing language. They can be [[Ontology|ontological]] (such as "icl" and "iof" referred to above), [[Logic|logical]] (such as "and" and "or"), andor [[Thematic analysis|thematic]] (such as "agt" = ''agent'', "ins" = ''instrument'', "tim" = ''time'', "plc" = ''place'', etc.). There are currently 46 relations in the UNL Specs, andthat theyjointly define the syntaxUNL of[[Syntax UNL(programming languages)|syntax]].

UnderWithin the UNL Programprogram, the process of representing natural language sentences in UNL graphs is called '''enconverting'UNLization'', and the process of generating natural language sentences out of UNL graphs is called '''deconverting'NLization''. The former, which involves natural language analysis and understanding,UNLization is supposedintended to be carried out semi-automatically (i.e., inby ahumans with computer-aided human basisaids);, theand latterNLization is expectedintended to be donecarried fullyout automatically.

Attributes represent information that cannot be conveyed by UWs and relations. Normally, they represent information on tense (".@past", "@future", etc.), reference ("@def", "@indef", etc.), modality ("@can", "@must", etc.), focus ("@topic", "@focus", etc.), and so on.

Under the UNL Program, the process of representing natural language sentences in UNL graphs is called '''enconverting''', and the process of generating natural language sentences out of UNL graphs is called '''deconverting'''. The former, which involves natural language analysis and understanding, is supposed to be carried out semi-automatically (i.e., in a computer-aided human basis); the latter is expected to be done fully automatically.

== History ==

The UNL Programmeprogram started in 1996, as an initiative of the [http://www.ias.unu.edu[Institute for Advanced Study|Institute of Advanced Studies]] (IAS) of the [http://www.unu.edu [United Nations University]] (UNU) in Tokyo, Japan. In January 2001, the United Nations University set up an autonomous and non-profit organization, the [http://www.undl.org UNDL Foundation], to be responsible for the development and management of the UNL Programme. The Foundation, a non-profit international organisation, has an independent identity from the United Nations University, although it has special links with the UNprogram. It inherited from the UNU/IAS the mandate of implementing the UNL Programme so that it can fulfil its missionprogram.

The overall architecture of the UNL System has been developed with a set of basic software and tools.

From the very beginning, a consortium of university departments from all regions of the world has been engaged in developing the UNL. That's the UNL Society, a global-scale network of R&D teams, involving about 200 specialists in computer science and linguistics, who are at work creating the linguistic resources and developing the web structure of the UNL System. The UNL Centre provides technological support and co-ordinates the implementation of the Programme.

TheIt most visible accomplishment so far is thewas recognitionrecognized by the [[Patent Co-operationCooperation Treaty]] (PCT) offor the innovative character and "industrial applicability" of the UNL, which was obtained in May 2002 through the [[World Intellectual Property OrganisationOrganization]] (WIPO).; Acquiringthe UNL acquired the patents (US patents 6,704,700 and 7,107,206) for the UNL is a completely novel achievement within the United Nations.

The Programme has already crossed important milestones. The overall architecture of the UNL System has been developed with a set of basic software and tools necessary for its functioning. These are being tested and improved. A vast amount of linguistic resources from the various native languages already under development, as well as from the UNL expression, has been accumulated in the last few years. Moreover, the technical infrastructure for expanding these resources is already in place, thus facilitating the participation of many more languages in the UNL system from now on. A growing number of scientific papers and academic dissertations on the UNL are being published every year.

The most visible accomplishment so far is the recognition by the Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT) of the innovative character and industrial applicability of the UNL, which was obtained in May 2002 through the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Acquiring the patents (US patents 6,704,700 and 7,107,206) for the UNL is a completely novel achievement within the United Nations.

== See also ==

* [[Information Economy Meta Language]]

* [[Semantic network]]

* [[Abstract semantic graph]]

* [[Semantic translation]]

* [[Semantic unification]]

* [[Abstract Meaning Representation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.undlunlweb.org/net UNDL FoundationUNLweb], wherethe UNLUNLweb development is coordinated.portal

* [http://www.undlfoundation.org/ UNDL Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430192751/http://www.undlfoundation.org/ |date=2011-04-30 }} where UNL development is coordinated.

* [http://www.undl.org/unlsys/unl/unl2005/ UNL Specs]

* [http://www.cicling.org/2005/UNL-book Online book on UNL]

* [http://www.unl.ru/system.html UNL system description]

=== UNL Society ===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130706115035/http://www.undltokyodreamdoorsoft.orgcom/ UNL Centrein (Tokyo)Bangladesh]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090602180248/http://www.unlundl.org.bd/br/ UNL Centrein (Bangladesh)Brazil]

* [httphttps://www.undlbibalex.org/indexunl/Frontend/home.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=65aspx UNL in ArmeniaEgypt]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330233411/http://www.undlgetalp.org.br/xwiki/bin/view/Projects/page%20du%20projet UNL in BrazilFrance]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040602215955/http://www.bibalexiai.orguni-sb.de/iaien/en/unl.htm UNL in EgyptGermany]

* [http://www.getalp.org/xwiki/bin/view/Projects/page%20du%20projet UNL in France]

* [http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/iaien/en/unl.htm UNL in Germany]

* [http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/ UNL in India]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040614134009/http://unl.ilc.pi.cnr.it/ UNL in Italy]

* [http://www.undl.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=65 UNL in Indonesia]

* [httphttps://unlweb.ilcarchive.pi.cnrorg/web/20130718050658/http://undltokyo.itorg/ UNL in ItalyJapan]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040729124147/http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/ UNL in Jordan]

* [http://www.undl.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=64 UNL in Japan]

* [http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/ UNL in Jordan]

* [http://www.ailab.lv/unl.htm UNL in Latvia]

* [http://www.unl.ru/ UNL in Russia], [http://proling.iitp.ru/etapetap3 Russian⇔UNL⇔English converter]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803084514/http://www.vai.dia.fi.upm.es/ing/projects/unl/index.htm UNL in Spain]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040614222120/http://www.links.nectec.or.th/unl/UnuWeb/UNLP_Homepage.htm UNL in Thailand]

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