Java chicken: Difference between revisions

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{{infobox poultry breed

| name = Java

| image = BlackJavaBlack femaleJava male, 1905.png

| image_size =

| alt =

| image_caption =

| image_caption =Illustration of the ideal Black Java female in the 1905 Standard of Perfection

| status = critical

| altname =

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| latin = Gallus gallus domesticus

}}

[[File:Black Java male, 1905.png|thumb|An illustration of the ideal Black Java rooster in the American Standard of Perfection cir. 1905|alt=Black Java rooster]]

The '''Java''' is a [[breed]] of [[chicken]] originating in the United States. Despite the breed's name, a reference to the island of [[Java]], it was developed in the U.S. from chickens of unknown Asian extraction. It is one of the oldest American chickens, forming the basis for many other breeds, but is critically endangered today. Javas are large birds with a sturdy appearance. They are hardy, and are well-suited for both meat and egg production, especially by small-scale farms, [[Homestead (buildings)|homestead]]s, and backyard keepers.

==History==

After the [[Dominique (chicken)|Dominique]], the Java is the oldest breed of chicken created in the U.S.<ref name="Ekarius 2007 92"/> Though its name would suggest a JavaJavan derivation, it is not known exactly where in Asia its ancestors came from.<ref name="Heinrich'sHeinrichs 2007 40">{{harvnb|Heinrich'sHeinrichs|2007|p=40}}</ref> It was first mentioned in print in 1835, but it is thought to have been present well before this time.<ref name="Ekarius 2007 92"/> Javas were especially notable as meat production birds throughout the 19th century,<ref name="albc-usa.org">{{harvnb|albsalbc}}</ref> with their popularity peaking in the latter half of that century.<ref name="Ott 2002">{{harvnb|Ott|2002}}</ref>

The Java is a key foundation breed for the American class of chickens,<ref name="Heinrich's 2007 40"/> having contributed significantly to major modern fowl such as the [[Jersey Giant]], [[Rhode Island Red]] and [[Plymouth Rock (chicken)|Plymouth Rock]].<ref name="Ekarius 2007 92"/> They are also likely to be the source of the yellow skin in contemporary Dominique's, which once had white skin.<ref name="Heinrich's 2007 40"/>

The Java wasis firsta recognizedkey officiallyfoundation bybreed acceptance infor the [[American Poultry Association]]'s [[Standardclass of Perfection]] in the year 1883.chickens,<ref name="EkariusHeinrichs 2007 9240"/> Thehaving White,contributed Black,significantly andto Mottledmajor varietiesmodern werefowl allsuch originally described inas the Standard[[Jersey Giant]], but[[Rhode theIsland WhiteRed]] wasand removed[[Plymouth in 1910 because it was thought to be too similar to the WhiteRock (chicken)|Plymouth Rock]].<ref name="Heinrich'sEkarius 2007 4092"/> It eventuallyThey disappeared in the 1950s.<ref name="Ott 2002"/> There wasare also anlikely [[Auburnto (chicken)|Auburn]]be typethe whichsource wasof the basisyellow forskin thein Rhodecontemporary Island RedDominiques, butwhich itonce diedhad outwhite by 1870skin.<ref>{{harvnb|Heinrich's|2007|p name=41}}<"Heinrichs 2007 40"/ref>

The Java was first recognized officially by acceptance in the [[American Poultry Association]]'s [[Standard of Perfection]] in 1883.<ref name="Ekarius 2007 92"/> The White, Black, and Mottled varieties were all originally described in the Standard, but the White was removed in 1910 because it was thought to be too similar to the White Plymouth Rock.<ref name="Heinrichs 2007 40"/> It eventually disappeared in the 1950s.<ref name="Ott 2002"/> There was also an [[Auburn (chicken)|Auburn]] type which was the basis for the Rhode Island Red, but it died out by 1870.<ref>{{harvnb|Heinrichs|2007|p=41}}</ref>

Javas had nearly vanished by the end of the 20th century, having been pushed to fringes of the poultry world by the intense focus on one or two breeds by commercial growers, and the introduction of innumerable new and exotic breeds to [[Animal fancy|poultry fancy]]. Beginning in the 1990s, breeders and conservation organizations began to make a more concerted effort to save the Java. In particular, the [[Garfield Farm and Inn Museum|Garfield Farm Museum]] in [[Illinois]] has played a pivotal role in the preservation of Javas in the 21st century.<ref>{{harvnb|Heinrich's|2007|pp=41–42}}</ref> Beginning with Mottled and Black Javas, [[Mutation|sports]] from the Garfield flock have revived the White variety.<ref>{{harvnb|Ekarius|2007|pp=92–93}}</ref> The Garfield Farm was also supported by the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in [[Chicago]], which hatches Java chicks as part of their exhibit on [[genetics]].<ref name="Ott 2002"/>

Javas had nearly vanished by the end of the 20th century, having been pushed to fringes of the poultry world by the intense focus on one or two breeds by commercial growers, and the introduction of innumerable new and exotic breeds to [[Animal fancy|poultry fancy]]. Beginning in the 1990s, breeders and conservation organizations began to make a more concerted effort to save the Java. In particular, the [[Garfield Farm and Inn Museum|Garfield Farm Museum]] in [[Illinois]] has played a pivotal role in the preservation of Javas in the 21st century.<ref>{{harvnb|Heinrich'sHeinrichs|2007|pp=41–42}}</ref> Beginning with Mottled and Black Javas, [[Mutation|sports]] from the Garfield flock have revived the White variety.<ref>{{harvnb|Ekarius|2007|pp=92–93}}</ref> The Garfield Farm was also supported by the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in [[Chicago]], which hatches Java chicks as part of their exhibit on [[genetics]].<ref name="Ott 2002"/>

The [[American Livestock Breeds Conservancy]] continues to list Javas as Critical on its watch-list, meaning fewer than 500 breeding birds from five or fewer primary breeding flocks are known (this does not take into account the population of non-breeding flocks).<ref name="alb-usa.org"/> The breed is also listed as part of [[Slow Food USA]]'s [[Ark of Taste]], a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark/java_chicken.html |work=Java Chicken |title=slowfoodusa.org |publisher=[[Slow Food USA]] |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416001804/http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark/java_chicken.html |archive-date=2008-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[American Livestock Breeds Conservancy]] continues to list Javas as Critical on its watch-listwatchlist, meaning fewer than 500 breeding birds from five or fewer primary breeding flocks are known (this does not take into account the population of non-breeding flocks).<ref name="albalbc-usa.org"/> The breed is also listed as part of [[Slow Food USA]]'s [[Ark of Taste]], a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark/java_chicken.html |work=Java Chicken |title=slowfoodusa.org |publisher=[[Slow Food USA]] |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416001804/http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark/java_chicken.html |archive-date=2008-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Rosecomb bantam breed in the United States is called a Java in the Netherlands, the two breeds are very different.<ref>{{Cite web |title=nederlandsejavaclub.nl – Nederlandse Javaclub |url=https://www.nederlandsejavaclub.nl/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

|[[File:BlackJava image_captionfemale, =1905.png|thumb|Illustration of the ideal Black Java female in the 1905 Standard of Perfection]]

==Characteristics==

Javas are weightedheavy chickens, with roosters weighing around {{convert|9.5|lb|abbr=off|1|disp=flip}} and hens {{convert|6.5|–|7.5|lb|abbr=on|1|disp=flip}}. They have a very long, broad back and a deep breast, which makes for a solid, rectangular build. They have small earlobes and medium size [[Comb (anatomy)|combs]] and [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattles]], all of which are red in color. Javas have single combs, but they have a shape which suggests the influence of a pea-combed breed in their development.<ref name="Ekarius 2007 93">{{harvnb|Ekarius|2007|p=93}}</ref>

Javas appear in three color variations today: Black, Mottled, and White. The Black has black shanks and beaks, though some yellow may appear in the legs. The plumage is a uniform black hue that has a dark green sheen in the light. The Mottled and White have mostly yellow skin, with horn colored beaks. The plumage of the Mottled is a black base with white markings on the tips of feathers, which imparts a spotted appearance.<ref name="Ekarius 2007 93"/>

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==Use==

Javas are valued for their dual-purpose characteristics. Though they are slow-growing compared to the [[broiler]]s used by the commercial chicken industry today, they produce a good carcass. Hens lay a respectable amountnumber of large, brown eggs and will go broody. Javas are particularly known as good foragers, needing less supplementary feed than many breeds when allowed to [[free range]].<ref name="DaughertyDougherty 2007">{{harvnb|DaughertyDougherty|2007}}</ref> Like many large breeds, they are known to be docile in temperament, and hardy in inclement weather. In general, Javas are particularly suitable for keepers of smaller flocks who require a good dual-purpose chicken.<ref name="DaughertyDougherty 2007"/><ref name="Ekarius 2007 92">{{harvnb|Ekarius|2007|p=92}}</ref>

==Footnotes==

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==References==

* {{cite news |url=http://www.backyardpoultrymag.com/issues/2/2-4/Michael_Dougherty.html |title=The Java Experience: Raising a Critically Endangered Breed |work=Backyard Poultry Magazine |date=August–September 2007 |access-date=2008-06-08 |last=Dougherty |first=Mike }}

* {{cite book |title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds |last=Ekarius |first=Carol |year=2007 |publisher=[[Storey Publishing]] |___location=210 MAS MoCA Way, North Adams, MA 01247 |isbn=978-1-58017-667-5 }}

* {{cite book |title=How To Raise Chickens |url=https://archive.org/details/howtoraisechicke00hein |url-access=registration |last=Heinrichs |first=Christine |year=2007 |publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=978-0-7938-0601-0 }}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/java.html |title=Java Chicken |work=albc-usa.org |publisher=[[American Livestock Breeds Conservancy]] |access-date=2008-06-06 |ref=CITEREFalbc |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201053027/http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/java.html |url-status=dead }}

* {{cite news |url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Sustainable-Farming/2002-02-01/Java-Chickens-Back-From-the-Brink.aspx |title=Java Chickens back from the brink |last=Ott |first=Janet |work=[[Mother Earth News]] |date=February–March 2002 |access-date=2008-06-07 }}

==External links==

* [http://www.mypetchicken.com/Java-B56.aspx Javas at mypetchicken.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808171935/http://www.mypetchicken.com/Java-B56.aspx |date=2009-08-08 }}

* [http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/CGD/Java/BRKJava.html Javas at feathersite]

* [http://www.javabreedersofamerica.com Javas at Java Breeders of America]