Team-based learning: Difference between revisions

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'''Team-Basedbased Learninglearning''' has('''TBL''') twois distincta usages[[collaborative learning]] and teaching strategy<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.teambasedlearning.org/definition/|title=Definition It- wasTeam-Based Learning Collaborative|newspaper=Team-Based Learning Collaborative|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> that enables people to follow a structured process to enhance student engagement and the quality of student or trainee learning.<ref>[[Larry Michaelsen|Michaelsen, Larry]], and Michael Sweet. "Team-Based Learning." Web log post. NEA - Team Based Learning. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.nea.org/home/34362.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819160412/https://www.nea.org/home/34362.htm |date=2020-08-19 }}>.</ref> The term and concept was first usedpopularized by [[Larry Michaelsen]], the central figure in the development of the systemTBL method while at [[University of Oklahoma]] Statein University,the to1970s, describeas an educational strategy that he developed for use in academic settings, as in [[medical education]].<ref>[[Larry Michaelsen|Michaelsen, L.K.]], Watson, W.E., Cragin, J.P., and [[L. Dee Fink|Fink, L.D]]. (1982) Team-based learning: A potential solution to the problems of large classes. ''Exchange: The Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal 7''(4): 18-33.''''</ref><ref name="isbn0-89789-863-X">{{cite book |editor=Larry K. Michaelsen |editor-link=Larry K. Michaelsen |editor2=Arletta Bauman Knight |editor3=L. Dee Fink |editor3-link=L. Dee Fink |title=Team-based learning: a transformative use of small groups |publisher=Praeger |___location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-89789-863-8 }}</ref> Team-based learning methodology can be used in any classroom or training sessions at school or in the workplace.

== How it works ==

==1 Team-based learning in academic institutions==

Team-based learning consists of modules that can be taught in a three-step cycle: preparation, in-class readiness assurance testing, and application-focused exercise.<ref name=":0" /> It consists of five essential components, with an optional last stage called ''peer evaluation''.

The main features of the team-based learning approach are the following:

=== Individual pre-work ===

(1) Permanent (term-long) and instructor-assigned groups of 4-7 students with diverse skill sets and backgrounds

Students are expected to peruse a set of preparatory materials, which can take the form of readings, presentation slides, audio lectures or video lectures. They should be set at a suitable level for the students of the course.

(2) Individual accountability for out-of-class work such as reading and preliminary homework being done prior to the first class meeting of each course segment - a division of the course generally based on a theme and lasting from one to three weeks. This accountability is ensured by what is called the Readiness Assurance Process (RAP) in which students (a) take a short (5-15 multiple choice question) individual readiness assurance test (iRAT), (b) immediately afterward take the same test again with members of their team working on a single answer sheet (tRAT), (c) students, who have already received their individual and team RAT scores make written appeals on any questions that the team missed on the tRAT, should they find statements in their assigned reading that supports their view, and, (d) the instructor takes questions from the class on any of the questions or themes brought up by them.

=== Individual Readiness Assurance Test (IRAT) ===

(3) Incentive for working effectively together as a team by giving significant credit (course points) for team activities (such as the tRAT), the subsequent in-class activities (application exercises) that are the hallmark of team-based learning, longer term team projects, and team-member given points for "team maintenance", essentially points given to recognize contributions made to team efforts and withheld when a team member is acting as a freeloader or in some other way not pulling his or her weight.

In class, students complete an individual quiz called the IRAT, which consists of 5–20 multiple-choice questions based on the pre-work materials.

(4) In class application exercises that are (a) significant (correlated to important course objectives, meaningful to the future work that the course might prepare a student for, (b) the same for all teams in the course, (c) about making a decision – providing a simple answer – based on complex analysis of data or application of course principles, (d) simultaneously reported to the whole class and evaluated then and there by the instructor.

=== Team Readiness Assurance Test (TRAT) ===

Team-based learning according to Larry Michelson improves student attendance and engagement, helps students learn the course material in a deeper and longer-lasting way, and works to build professional/life skills such as effective collaboration and negotiation. Students often express higher satisfaction with team-based learning course, particularly after they've overcome their initial suspicions.

After submitting the IRAT, students form teams and take the same test and submit answers—on a scratch card or using TBL-enabled software—as a team. Both IRAT and TRAT scores count toward the student's final grade.

==2 Team-Based Learning in the Workplace==

A later developed usage of the term describes a process for teaching and developing people in the workplace. It is a set of developmental principles and routines embedded into the day-to-day processes of a work team such that team members continuously learn and develop. The developmental activities are not new, e.g., [[coaching]], stretch assignments, review of lessons learned. However, such developmental activities are typically conducted in an irregular and inconsistent way. The benefit of Team-Based Learning is that everyone on the team participates in the developmental activities on a consistent basis, because the activities provide other benefits that motivate the team to use them. That is, the team not only develops its people but also functions better.

=== Clarification session ===

==History==

Team-Based Learning was jointly developed by [[Duke Corporate Education]] and [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]]. In 2005, Judy Rosenblum, then President of Duke Corporate Education, and Tom Evans, Chief Learning Officer of PricewaterhouseCoopers, began to explore the learning environment in teaching hospitals and its possible transferability to corporate environments. They studied several teaching hospitals, principally [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. Teaching hospitals develop doctors (interns and residents) in the course of providing health care to patients. This is not classroom education. Rather it is teaching the practice of medicine while treating real patients with real diseases. The learning is embedded in the work.

After taking both the IRAT and TRAT, students will have the opportunity to raise points of clarification or question the quality of multiple-choice questions in the tests. Instructors can then address the questions and facilitate a discussion regarding the topics and concepts covered.

==Application to Business Teams==

Rosenblum, Evans and their associates spent two years understanding how teaching hospitals work and exploring how those processes could be applied to business teams. They identified four principles and five routines to carry over to the business world.

==Application= toApplication Businessexercises Teams===

===Principles===

'''''Problem-based learning''''' - Use problems encountered in the course of work as the context for learning

Finally, students work in teams to solve application problems that allow them to apply and expand on the knowledge they have just learned and tested. They must arrive at collective response to the application question and display their answer choice in an e-gallery walk in the classroom. Instructors then facilitate a discussion or debate among teams to consider the possible solutions to the application problem.

'''''Point of the Wedge''''' - Push responsibility combined with support to the most junior person possible

=== Peer evaluation ===

'''''Teach, Don't Tell''''' - Use inquiry (Socratic Method) to teach rather than just give the answer or solve the issue

This last stage is an optional component of the team-based learning process. At the middle or end of the course, some faculty members do a peer evaluation for their teams.

=== Principles ===

'''''Owning the Client or Project''''' – Individuals have a heightened sense of accountability and motivation because they have their own client or project with support from more experienced team members

The implementation of TBL is based on four underlying principles according to Michaelsen & Richards, 2005:<ref name="pmid15691820">{{cite journal|author-link=Larry Michaelsen|year=2005|title=Drawing conclusions from the team-learning literature in health-sciences education: a commentary|journal=Teaching and Learning in Medicine|volume=17|issue=1|pages=85–88|doi=10.1207/s15328015tlm1701_15|pmid=15691820|vauthors=Michaelsen L, Richards B|s2cid=1835344}}</ref>

# Groups should be properly formed and groups should have an evenly distributed number of talented people among them. According to Michaelsen,<ref name="pmid15691820" /> "most of the reported "problems" with learning groups (free-riders, member conflict, etc.) are the direct result of inappropriate group assignments".

# Students are accountable for their pre-learning and team work.

# Team assignments should promote learning and team development.

# Students must receive frequent and immediate feedback.

===Routines= Benefits ==

Team-Based Learning has been suggested to help students who seem uninterested in subject material, do not do their homework, and have difficulty understanding material. TBL can transform traditional content with application and problem solving skills, while developing interpersonal skills.<ref name="isbn0-89789-863-X" /> Vaughn et al. (2019) stated that team-based learning is an effective method for gaining better “content acquisition, vocabulary growth, and reading comprehension” (p.&nbsp;121).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaughn |first1=S. |last2=Fall |first2=A. M. |last3=Roberts |first3=G. |last4=Wanzek |first4=J. |last5=Swanson |first5=E. |last6=Martinez |first6=L. R. |title=Class percentage of students with reading difficulties on content knowledge and comprehension |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |date=2019 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=120–134|doi=10.1177/0022219418775117 |pmid=29779435 |s2cid=29156830 }}</ref> Jakobsen and Knetemann (2017) further add that team-based learning allows students to take a much deeper look at course content and serve to hold their attention better than traditional methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jakobsen |first1=K. V. |last2=Knetemann |first2=M. |title=Putting structure to flipped classrooms using team-based learning |journal=International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education |date=2017 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=177–185}}</ref> Its implementation in education can also be important for developing skills and abilities that are useful for businesses, organizations, careers, and industries where many projects and tasks are performed by teams. Learning how to learn, work, interact, and collaborate in a team is essential for success in this kind of an environment.<ref>Howard Hills (2001) Team Based Learning Gower Publishing Company {{ISBN|0-566-08364-7}}</ref> Many of the medical schools have adopted some version of TBL for several of the benefits listed above, and also for greater long-term knowledge retention. According to a study done by the Washington University School of Medicine, individuals who learned through an active team based learning curriculum had greater long-term knowledge retention compared to a traditional passive lecture curriculum. Evidently, faculty of professional schools are thus directing their focus towards developing application and integration of knowledge beyond the content-based curricula, rather than simple course objectives such as simply memorizing a concept.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Knowledge Is No Longer Enough: Enhancing Professional Education with Team-Based Learning|journal=New Directions for Teaching and Learning|volume=2008|issue=116|pages=41–53|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/assets/centresresearch/documents/medu/Workshops%20and%20courses%20flyer/10_4_13_sibley.pdf|doi=10.1002/tl.332|year=2008|last1=Sibley|first1=Jim|last2=Parmelee|first2=Dean X.}}</ref> Michaelsen adds that "assignments that require groups to make decisions and enable them to report their decisions in a simple form, will usually generate high levels of group interaction"<ref name="isbn0-89789-863-X_chapter2">{{cite book|title=Team-based learning: a transformative use of small groups|publisher=Praeger|year=2002|isbn=978-0-89789-863-8|editor-link=Larry K. Michaelsen|___location=New York|chapter=Chapter 2: Getting Started with Team Learning|editor=Larry K. Michaelsen|editor2=Arletta Bauman Knight|editor3=L. Dee Fink|editor3-link=L. Dee Fink}}</ref> and are:

'''''Rounds''''' - Meeting where a less-experienced team member presents an issue or challenge and recommends a course of action

* significant (correlated to important course objectives, meaningful to the future work that the course might prepare a student for),

* the same for all teams in the course,

* about making a decision – providing a simple answer – based on complex analysis of data or application of course principles, and

* simultaneously reported to the whole class and evaluated then and there by the instructor.

Controlled studies of initial implementations of team learning have shown increases in student engagement and mixed results for other outcomes.<ref name="pmid15833720">{{cite journal|year=2005|title=A comparison of in-class learner engagement across lecture, problem-based learning, and team learning using the STROBE classroom observation tool|journal=Teaching and Learning in Medicine|volume=17|issue=2|pages=112–118|doi=10.1207/s15328015tlm1702_4|pmid=15833720|vauthors=Kelly PA, Haidet P, Schneider V, Searle N, Seidel CL, Richards BF|s2cid=22498091}}</ref><ref name="pmid14739758">{{cite journal|year=2004|title=A controlled trial of active versus passive learning strategies in a large group setting|journal= Advances in Health Sciences Education|volume=9|issue=1|pages=15–27|doi=10.1023/B:AHSE.0000012213.62043.45|pmid=14739758|vauthors=Haidet P, Morgan RO, O'Malley K, Moran BJ, Richards BF|s2cid=6413794}}</ref>

'''''Team Workshops''''' - A team member leads a developmental event for other members focusing on a specific technical or service topic

The [[World Economic Forum]] identified Top 10 skills required in its "The Future of Jobs and Skills"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2016/shareable-infographics/|title=Shareable Infographics|newspaper=The Future of Jobs|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> report, namely complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, people management, coordinating with others, [[emotional intelligence]], judgement and decision making, service orientation, and negotiation, and cognitive flexibility. TBL is often compared to the traditional one-way lecture format that does not develop those skills in students. On the other hand, TBL can engage students and provide an environment of collaborative learning and discussion. More than 500 publications in the Education Resource Information Center (ERIC) provide evidence for the positive educational outcomes of TBL-use in the classroom.

'''''Shadowing''''' – Less-experienced team member accompanies a more-experienced member to a meeting he or she would not normally attend

TBL is resource efficient. In digitally-enabled classroom settings, the use of TBL cuts the amount of paper used for the lesson. Instructors also do not need to prepare the materials in hardcopy and can easily make changes to the questions to be discussed in class, remotely or on the go. Since most of the learning happens in the form of discussions and feedback sessions in class, unnecessary paperwork is left out of the equation altogether. In addition, instructors can gather data on the performance of a class and automate student grading.

'''''Observation & Feedback''''' - A specific activity is observed, and using the [[Socratic Method]], coaching is given

== Prevalence ==

'''''Lessons Learned Forums''''' - Thorough review and discussion using mistakes and successes as a situation to learn from. This is similar to an [[After Action Review]].

==Making= ItAcademic Work===

Team-Based Learning has been gaining traction in academic institutions, especially in the field of medicine in the US. Out of all 144 medical schools there, at least 83% use TBL pedagogy. 44 of those institutions also have faculty or staff who are part of the [http://www.teambasedlearning.org/ Team-Based Learning Collaborative] (TBLC), an international collaborative that focuses on connecting TBL practitioners, sharing TBL resources, and promoting best practices. Within the top 50 medical schools in the US, 92% use TBL pedagogy.

The mission of teaching hospitals is to develop doctors. While businesses earnestly espouse a desire to develop their people, such activities are too often seen as separate from work and something that interferes with getting work done. Businesses are not as motivated as teaching hospitals to develop people on the job. For that reason the transfer of teaching hospital based approaches to a business context might have failed if not for the fact that the new processes create side benefits that motivate the business team members to do them.

=== Training / coaching ===

Senior team members need to spend extra time mentoring junior team members, however that time is more than made up by the increased productivity of the team derived from successfully driving tasks to lower levels. Such delegation frees up senior people’s time. Junior people enjoy taking ownership of projects (with support) and are more motivated in their jobs. The net result is that the team gets more work done, junior people are developed more quickly, and team morale is higher.

Given its effectiveness in most teaching scenarios, team-based learning can also be used in institution-wide training programmes.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==History==

Team-based learning has in recent years been advanced by [[Duke Corporate Education]] and [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]].<ref>Hospitals Show How to Accelerate Learning {{cite web |url=http://clomedia.com/articles/view/2144/2 |title=Hospitals Show How to Accelerate Learning - Chief Learning Officer, Solutions for Enterprise Productivity |access-date=2014-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202141043/http://clomedia.com/articles/view/2144/2 |archive-date=2014-02-02 }}</ref> In 2005, Judy Rosenblum, then President of Duke Corporate Education, and Tom Evans, Chief Learning Officer of PricewaterhouseCoopers, began to explore the learning environment in teaching hospitals and its possible transferability to corporate environments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaughn |first1=S. |last2=Fall |first2=A.M. |last3=Roberts |first3=G. |last4=Wanzek |first4=J. |last5=Swanson |first5=E. |last6=Martinez |first6=L. R. |title=Class percentage of students with reading difficulties on content knowledge and comprehension |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |date=2019 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=120–134|doi=10.1177/0022219418775117 |pmid=29779435 |s2cid=29156830 }}</ref>

==References==

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==External links==

*[http://www.teambasedlearning.org Team-Based Learning Collaborative] – An international organization of educators who encourage and support the use of Team-Based Learning in all levels of education.

* [http://www.dukece.com/how-we-work/team-based-learning.php Team-Based Learning at Duke Corporate Education]

* [https://vimeo.com/51713733 Team-Based Learning: Group Work that Works] by Faculty Innovation Centre, University of Texas at Austin (12 min)—An introductory video on the components of TBL, its use, and how students have benefitted from it.

* [http://eric.ed.gov/?q=team-based+learning Educational Resources Information Center] (ERIC) "Team-Based Learning – An online digital library of education research and information. ERIC is sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences of the United States Department of Education.

[[Category:EducationalLearning psychologymethods]]

[[Category:Teams]]