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{{Short description|
{{Redirect|Street smarts|the game show|Street Smarts}}
'''Procedural knowledge''' (also known as '''
The term
== Overview ==
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The distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that was brought to prominence in [[epistemology]] by [[Gilbert Ryle]] who used it in his book ''[[The Concept of Mind]]''.<ref name="Stanley 2001 411–444"/>
Know-how is also often referred to in [[Plain English|layman's terms]] as '''street smarts''' (sometimes conceived as the opposite of [[wikt:book smart|book smart]]s), and a person employing their street smarts as ''street wise''. Know-how is often [[tacit knowledge]], which means that it can be difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalising it. The opposite of tacit knowledge is [[explicit knowledge]].
== Definition ==
Procedural knowledge is the
The
== Development ==
The development of procedural knowledge is always entangled with the development of [[declarative knowledge]]. Researchers suggested that initial problem solving involves explicitly referring to examples
However,
== Activation ==
Lashley (1951) proposed that behavioral sequences are typically controlled with central plans, and the structure of the plans is hierarchical. Some evidences also support this hypothesis. Same behaviors can have different functional interpretations depending on the context in which they occur. The same sound pattern can be interpreted differently depending on where it occurs in a sentence, for example,
As for process of behavior plan forming, Rosenhaum et al. (2007) proposed that plans are not formed from scratch for each successive movement sequence but instead are formed by making whatever changes are needed to distinguish the movement sequence to be performed next from the movement sequence that has just been performed.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|
== Interaction with conceptual knowledge ==
The most common understanding in relation to the procedural and conceptual knowledge is of the contrast of
== Technical uses of the phrase ==
=== Artificial intelligence ===
In
=== Cognitive psychology ===
{{main|Tacit knowledge}}
In
Ordinarily, we would not say that one who is able to recognize a face as attractive is one who knows how to recognize a face as attractive. One knows how to recognize faces as attractive no more than one knows how to recognize certain arrangements of [[Lepton|leptons]], [[Quark|quarks]], etc. as tables. Recognizing faces as attractive, like recognizing certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables, is simply something that one does, or is able to do. It is, therefore, an instance of procedural knowledge, but it is not an instance of know-how.
For instance, research by
=== Educational implications ===
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=== Intellectual property law ===
In
===Industrial know-how===
In the context of [[industrial property]] (now generally viewed as [[intellectual property]] or IP), know-how is a component in the transfer of technology in national and international environments, co-existing with or separate from other IP rights such as [[patent]]s, [[trademark]]s and [[copyright]] and is an economic asset.<ref>Manual on Technology Transfer Negotiation, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (A Reference for Policy-makers and Practitioners on Technology Transfer), [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]], [[Vienna, Austria]] (1996) {{ISBN|92-1-106302-7}}</ref> When it is transferred by itself, know-how should be converted into a [[trade secret]] before transfer in a legal agreement.
Know-how can be defined as confidentially held, or better, closely held information in the form of unpatented inventions, formulae, designs, drawings, procedures and methods, together with accumulated skills and experience in the hands of a licensor firm's professional personnel which could assist a transferee/licensee of the object product in its manufacture and use and bring to it a competitive advantage. It can be further supported with privately maintained expert knowledge on the operation, maintenance, use/application of the object product and of its sale, usage or disposition.
The inherent proprietary value of know-how is embedded in the legal protection afforded to [[trade secrets]] in general law, particularly, [[case law]].<ref>Licensing Guide for Developing Countries, [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO), Geneva, 1977, {{ISBN|92-805-0395-2}}</ref> Know-how, in short, is private intellectual property which can be said to be a form of precursor to other intellectual property rights. The trade secret law varies from country to country, unlike the case for patents, trademarks and copyright for which there are formal conventions through which subscribing countries grant the same protection to the property as the others; examples of which are the [[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property]] and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO), under United Nations, a supportive organization designed "to encourage creative activity, [and] to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world".
The [[World Trade Organization]] defined a trade secret by the following criteria:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm3d_e.htm |title=TRIPS: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1995), Section 7: Protection of Undisclosed Information, Article 39(2) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120171319/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm3d_e.htm |archive-date=2017-01-20 |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=wto.org |publisher=[[World Trade Organization]]}}</ref>
{{Quote|Natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing information lawfully within their control from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices (10) so long as such information: (a) is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question; (b) has commercial value because it is secret; and (c) has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret.}}
For purposes of illustration, the following may be a provision in a [[license agreement]] serving to define know-how:-
{{Quote|Know-how shall mean technical data, formulas, standards, technical information, specifications, processes, methods, codebooks, raw materials, as well as all information, knowledge, assistance, trade practices and secrets, and improvements thereto, divulged, disclosed, or in any way communicated to the Licensee under this Agreement, unless such information was, at the time of disclosure, or thereafter becomes part of the general knowledge or literature which is generally available for public use from other lawful sources. The burden of proving that any information disclosed hereunder is not confidential information shall rest on the licensee.}}
===Disclosure agreements===
There are two sets of agreements associated with the transfer of know-how agreement: disclosure and non-disclosure agreements, which are not separately parts of the principal know-how agreement.{{citation needed|date=September 2008}}
The initial need for disclosure is due to the requirement of a licensee firm to know what is the specific, unique, or general content of the know-how that a licensor firm possesses that promises value to the licensee on entering into a contract. Disclosure also aids the potential licensee in selecting among competitive offers, if any. Such disclosures are made by licensors only under non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements in which there are express undertakings that should the ultimate license not materialize, the firm to whom the disclosure is made will not reveal, or by any manner apply, any part of the disclosed knowledge which is not in the public ___domain or previously known to the firm receiving the information.
Non-disclosure agreements are undertaken by those who receive confidential information from the licensee, relating to licensed know-how, so as to perform their tasks. Among them are the personnel of engineering firms who construct the plant for the licensee or those who are key employees of the licensee who have detailed access to disclosed data, etc. to administer their functions in operating the know-how-based plant. These are also in the nature of confidentiality agreements and carry the definition of know-how, in full or truncated part, on a need-to-know basis.
=== Employee knowledge ===
{{norefs|section|date=February 2025}}
Under [[English law]], employees have duties of [[good faith]] and [[fidelity]] until their [[termination of employment|employment ceases]], whence only the former still applies.
It is sometimes unclear what forms of "know how" that was divulged to an employee in order to carry out their functions and then becomes their own knowledge rather than a secret of their previous employer. Some employers will specify in their employment contracts that a [[grace period]] will apply to know how that starts when a person leaves them as an employee.
Specifying exactly what information this includes would increase the likelihood of it being upheld in court in the event of a breach, i.e. saying "when your employment contract is terminated, you must keep all information about your previous employment with us secret for four years" would be difficult to support because that person has to be able to use the skills and knowledge they learnt to gain employment elsewhere.
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Knowledge by acquaintance]]▼
* [[Descriptive knowledge]]▼
* [[Algorithm]]
▲* [[Descriptive knowledge]]
* [[Descriptive research]]
* [[Discipline]]
* [[Experience]]
* [[Heuristic]]
* [[How To (disambiguation)|How-to]]
* [[Imperative mood]]▼
* [[Idea]]
▲* [[Imperative mood]]
* [[Inquiry]]
* [[
▲* [[Knowledge by acquaintance]]
* [[Knowledge tags]]
* [[Mentorship]]
* [[Scientific method|Method]]▼
* [[Methods of obtaining knowledge]]
* [[Normative science]]
* [[Procedural memory]]
* [[Implicit memory]]
* [[Muscle memory]]
* [[Motor learning]]
* [[Motor skill]]
* [[Process philosophy]]
* [[Trial and error]]
* [[Tribal knowledge]]
{{div end}}
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[[Category:Procedural knowledge| ]]
[[Category:Technical communication]]
[[Category:Concepts in epistemology]]
[[Category:Definitions of knowledge]]
[[Category:Psychological concepts]]
[[de:Handlungswissen]]
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