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sharing values with asynchronous [[signal handler]]s;
accessing hardware devices via [[memory-mapped I/O]] (where you can send and receive messages from [[peripheral device]]s by reading from and writing to memory).
Support for these use cases varies considerably among the
Volatility can have implications regarding function [[calling convention]]s and how variables are stored, accessed and cached.
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=== Multi-threading ===
It is a common misconception that the <code>volatile</code> keyword is useful in portable [[thread (computing)|multi-threading]] code in C and C++. The <code>volatile</code> keyword in C and C++ has ''never'' functioned as a useful, portable tool for ''any'' multi-threading scenario.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Volatile Keyword In Visual C++ |url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/12a04hfd.aspx |work=Microsoft MSDN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Linux Kernel Documentation – Why the "volatile" type class should not be used |url=https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/volatile-considered-harmful.html |work=kernel.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Scott Meyers |author2=Andrei Alexandrescu |year=2004 |title=C++ and the Perils of Double-Checked Locking |url=http://www.aristeia.com/Papers/DDJ_Jul_Aug_2004_revised.pdf |work=DDJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Jeremy Andrews |year=2007 |title=Linux: Volatile Superstition |url=http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Volatile_Superstition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620121940/http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Volatile_Superstition |archive-date=2010-06-20 |access-date=Jan 9, 2011 |publisher=kerneltrap.org}}</ref> Unlike the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] programming languages, operations on <code>volatile</code> variables in C and C++ are not [[atomic operation|atomic]], and operations on <code>volatile</code> variables do not have sufficient [[memory ordering]] guarantees (i.e. [[memory barrier|memory barriers]]). Most C and C++ compilers, linkers, and runtimes simply do not provide the necessary memory ordering guarantees to make the <code>volatile</code> keyword useful for ''any'' multi-threading scenario. Before the C11 and C++11 standards, programmers were forced to rely on guarantees from the individual implementations and platforms (e.g. POSIX and WIN32) to write [[thread (computing)|multi-threading]] code. With the modern C11 and C++11 standards, programmers can write portable [[thread (computing)|multi-threading]] code using new portable constructs such as the <code>std::atomic<T></code> templates.<ref>{{cite web |title=volatile (C++) |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/12a04hfd.aspx |work=Microsoft MSDN|date=21 September 2021 }}</ref>
===Example of memory-mapped I/O in C===
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* There is a single global ordering of all <code>volatile</code> reads and writes. In other words, a <code>volatile</code> read will read the current value (and not a past or future value), and all <code>volatile</code> reads will agree on a single global order of <code>volatile</code> writes.
* <code>volatile</code> reads and writes have "acquire" and "release" [[memory barrier]] semantics (known in the Java standard as [[happened-before|happens-before]]).<ref>Section 17.4.4: Synchronization Order
{{cite web |year=2013 |title=The Java® Language Specification, Java SE 7 Edition |url=http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-17.html#jls-17.4.4 |access-date=2013-05-12 |publisher=[[Oracle Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Java Concurrency: Understanding the 'Volatile' Keyword |url=https://dzone.com/articles/java-concurrency-understanding-the-volatile-keyword |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509104459/https://dzone.com/articles/java-concurrency-understanding-the-volatile-keyword |archive-date=2021-05-09 |access-date=2021-05-09 |publisher=dzone.com}}</ref> In other words, <code>volatile</code> provides guarantees about the relative order of <code>volatile</code> and non-<code>volatile</code> reads and writes. In other words, <code>volatile</code> basically provides the same memory visibility guarantees as a Java [[lock (computer science)|synchronized block]] (but without the [[mutual exclusion]] guarantees of a [[lock (computer science)|synchronized block]]).
Together, these guarantees make <code>volatile</code> into a useful [[thread (computing)|multi-threading]] construct in [[Java programming language|Java]]. In particular, the typical [[double-checked locking]] algorithm with <code>volatile</code> works correctly in [[Java programming language|Java]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Neil Coffey |title=Double-checked Locking (DCL) and how to fix it |url=http://www.javamex.com/tutorials/double_checked_locking_fixing.shtml |access-date=2009-09-19 |publisher=Javamex}}</ref>
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