Ceylon (programming language): Difference between revisions

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'''Ceylon''' iswas an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[Strong typing|strongly]] [[Type system|statically typed]] programming language with an emphasis on [[Immutable object|immutability]], created by [[Red Hat]]. Ceylon programs run on the [[Java virtual machine]] (JVM), and could be compiled to [[JavaScript]].<ref>{{cite web

| url=http://ceylon-lang.org/blog/2013/09/22/ceylon-1/

| title=Ceylon 1.0 beta

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| access-date=2015-12-04}}</ref>

* A type system enforcing [[null safety]] and list element existence at compile time

* Regular syntax and semantics, avoiding special cases and primitively- defined constructs in favor of [[syntactic sugar]]

* Support for generic programming and metaprogramming, with [[Reification (computer science)|reified]] [[Parametric polymorphism|generics]]

* Modularity built into the language, based on [[WildFly|JBoss modules]], interoperable with [[OSGi]]<ref>{{cite web

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The name "Ceylon" is an oblique reference to Java, in that [[Java]] and [[Sri Lanka]], formerly known as Ceylon, are islands known for growth and export of [[coffee]] and [[tea]].

In August 2017, Ceylon was donated to the [[Eclipse Foundation]]. Development slowed down and finally stopped in 2020.<ref>{{cite web

|date=2020-05-25

|title= ceylon / ceylon

|publisher=GitHub, Inc.

|url=https://github.com/eclipse-archived/ceylon

|access-date=2024-01-22

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075404/https://github.com/eclipse-archived/ceylon

|archive-date=2023-10-03

|url-status=live}}

</ref> In April 2023, [[Eclipse Foundation]] declared the termination of the transition.<ref>{{cite web

|date=2023-04-05

|title= Eclipse Ceylon™ Termination Review

|publisher=Eclipse Foundation

|url=https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.ceylon/reviews/termination-review

|access-date=2023-04-23

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423134055/https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.ceylon/reviews/termination-review

|archive-date=2023-04-23

|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Language features ==

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One of the most novel aspects of Ceylon compared to Java is its [[type system]]. Ceylon foregoes Java's primitive types<ref>{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Gavin|title=Ceylon: Language Design FAQ|url=http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/faq/language-design/}}</ref> and [[Object type|boxing]] in favor of a type system composed entirely of first-class objects. While this may cause boxing overhead in some situations, it makes the type system more uniform.

Ceylon allows for union and [[intersection type]]s, in a similar fashion to [[TypeScript]], [[Whiley (programming language)|Whiley]] and Flow, which in fact, took the idea from Ceylon.

Union types, written <code>A|B</code>, allow a variable to have more than one type. The following example shows a Ceylon function which may take either an [[Integer (computer science)|integer]] or a [[String (computer science)|string]]: