Human rights and development: Difference between revisions

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[[File:The Museum For Human Rights.jpg|thumb|The Museum For Human Rights]]

Development is a human right that belongs to everyone, individually and collectively. Everyone is “entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized,” states the groundbreaking [[Right to development#History|UN Declaration on the Right to Development]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} Declaration on the Right to Development|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RightToDevelopment.aspx|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> proclaimed in 1986.

Human rights add value to the agenda for development by drawing attention to the [[accountability]] to respect, protect, promote and fulfil all human rights of all people. It, in turn, contributes to the human rights-based approach to development. A human rights based approach will further generally lead to better analyzed and more focused strategic interventions by providing the normative foundation for tackling fundamental development issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Human Rights-based Approach to Development Programming in UNDP – Adding the Missing Link|url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/dg-publications-for-website/a-human-rights-based-approach-to-development-programming-in-undp/HR_Pub_Missinglink.pdf|url-status=livedead|access-date=2021-07-19|archive-date=2021-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150629/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/dg-publications-for-website/a-human-rights-based-approach-to-development-programming-in-undp/HR_Pub_Missinglink.pdf}}</ref>

==History==

==Human rights history==

{{Main|Human rights}}

[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|right|thumb|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] with the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in 1949.]]

The initial impetus of the current human rights legal regime and movement was in reaction to the Nazi atrocities of World War II. [[Human Rightsrights]] are importantly referred to in the [[United Nations Charter]]<ref name="ISBN 13: 9789210020251">{{cite web|title=The United Nations Charter|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/|publisher=United Nations, Department of Public Information|access-date=2014-05-03}}</ref> in both the Preamble and under Article 1 though only sparingly. The preamble of the UN Charter reaffirms "faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women".

The Charter established the Economic and Social council which set up the UN [[Human Rights Commission]] now the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]. Chapter VI of the Charter entitled International Economic and Social Cooperation provides Article 55 (c) the "universal respect for, and observance of human rights and [[fundamental freedoms]] for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion". Article 56 requires States to take joint and separate actions in cooperation with the UN to achieve their mutual aims. Human rights are inherent in the progress of [[economic, social and cultural rights|economic social and cultural goals]] and therefore to [[Human development (humanity)|Human Development]] as such.

The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration wasUDHRwas proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected. Since its adoption in 1948, the UDHR has been translated into more than 500 languages, -is the most translated document in the world -, and has inspired the constitutions of many newly -independent Statesstates and many new democracies. The UDHR, together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols (on the complaints procedure and on the death penalty) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and its Optional Protocol, form the so-called International Bill of Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights|access-date=2021-07-19|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref>

==The Declaration on the Right to Development==

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The Declaration on the Right to Development was proclaimed by the UNGA under resolution 41/128 in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration on the Right to Development. A/RES/41/128|url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm|access-date=2014-05-03}}</ref> with only the United States voting against the resolution and eight absentions.

The [[Right to development]] is regarded as an inalienable human right which all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development. The right includes 1) people-centred development, identifying "the human person" as the central subject, participant and beneficiary of development; 2) a human rights-based approach specifically requiring that development is to be carried out in a manner "in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized"; 3) participation, calling for the "active, free and meaningful participation" of people in development; 4) equity, underlining the need for "the fair distribution of the benefits" of development; 5) non-discrimination, permitting "no distinction as to race, sex, language or religion"; and 6) [[self-determination]], the declaration integrates self-determination, including full sovereignty over natural resources, as a constituent element of the right to development.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development is a Human Right for All|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/IntroductionStatement.aspx|access-date=2014-05-03}}</ref>

The right is a third generation right viewed as a group right such that it is owed to communities as opposed to an individual right applying to individuals "It is a people, not an individual, that is entitled to the right to self-determination and to national and global development"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sucharitkul|first=Sompong|title=The Concept of Human Rights in International Law.|journal=International Sustainable Development Law|volume=1. Vol. I - The Nature And Sources Of International Development Law|pages=4–5}}</ref> One obstacle to the right is in the difficult process of defining 'people' for the purposes of self- determination. Additionally, most developing states voice concerns about the negative impacts of aspects of international trade, unequal access to technology and crushing debt burden and hope to create binding obligations to facilitate development as a way of improving governance and the rule of law. The right to development embodies three additional attributes which clarify its meaning and specify how it may reduce poverty 1) The first is a holistic approach which integrates human rights into the process 2) an enabling environment offers fairer terms in the economic relations for developing countries and 3) the concept of social justice and equity involves the participation of the people of countries involved and a fair distribution of developmental benefits with special attention given to marginalised and vulnerable members of the population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moeckli et all|first=Daniel |display-authors=etal. |title=International Human Rights Law|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Oxford|pages=618}}</ref>

===Duty bearers===

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== Human rights and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ==

{{Main|Sustainable Development Goals}}

It is increasingly recognized that human rights are essential to achieve sustainable development. The [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs) served as a proxy for certain economic and social rights but ignored other important human rights linkages. By contrast, human rights principles and standards are now strongly reflected in an ambitious new global development framework, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda|access-date=2021-07-19|website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref>

In September 2015, 170 world leaders gathered at the UN Sustainable Development Summit<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/summit|access-date=2021-07-19|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> in New York to adopt the 2030 Agenda. The new Agenda covers a broad set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals<ref>{{Cite web|title=Topics .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics|access-date=2021-07-19|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> (SDGs) and 167 targets and will serve as the overall framework to guide global and national development action for the next 15 years.

The SDGs are the result of the most consultative and inclusive process in the history of the United Nations. Grounded in international human rights law, the agenda offers critical opportunities to further advance the realization of human rights for all people everywhere, without discrimination.

=== Sustainable Development Goals ===

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* [[ASEAN Human Rights Declaration]]

* [[Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development]]

* [[Asian Human Rights Development Organization]]

* [[ADHOC|Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (ADHOC)]]

* [[Human development (humanity)]]

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* [[International human rights instruments]]

* [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]

** [[{{section link|Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights#|Research and Right to Development Branch]]}}

* [[Rights-based approach to development]]