Hardware for artificial intelligence: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|noneHardware specially designed and optimized for artificial intelligence}}

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{{Expert needed|Artificialartificial intelligence|reason=Needs attention from a current expert to incorporate modern developments in this area from the last few decades, including TPUs and better coverage of GPUs, and to clean up the other material and clarify how it relates to the subject|date=November 2021}}

{{Missing information|its scope: What is AI hardware for the purposes of this article? Event cameras are an application of neuromorphic design, but LISP machines are not an end use application. It previously mentioned [[memristor]]s, which are not specialized hardware for AI, but rather a basic electronic component, like resister, capacitor, or inductor|date=November 2021}}

{{Update|date=November 2021}}

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Specialized [[computer hardware]] is often used to execute [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) programs faster, and with less energy, such as [[Lisp machine]]s, [[neuromorphic engineering]], [[event camera]]s, and [[physical neural network]]s. Since 2017, several consumer grade [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s and [[system on a chip|SoC]]s have on-die [[AI accelerator|NPU]]s. As of 2023, the market for AI hardware is dominated by [[GPU]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nvidia: The chip maker that became an AI superpower |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65675027 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

== Lisp machines ==

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==Dataflow architecture==

{{Main|Dataflow architecture}}

[[Dataflow architecture]] processors used for AI serve various purposes, with varied implementations like the polymorphic dataflow<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maxfield |first=Max |date=24 December 2020 |title=Say Hello to Deep Vision's Polymorphic Dataflow Architecture |work=Electronic Engineering Journal |publisher=Techfocus media}}</ref> Convolution Engine<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kinara.ai/<!-- prior: https://deepvision.io/ --> |title=Kinara (formerly Deep Vision) |author=<!-- Unstated --> |date=2022 |website=Kinara |access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref> by Kinara (formerly Deep Vision), structure-driven dataflow by [[Hailo Technologies|Hailo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hailo.ai/ |title=Hailo |author=<!-- Unstated --> |date=<!-- Undated --> |website=Hailo |access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref> and dataflow [[Scheduling (computing)|scheduling]] by [[Cerebras]].<ref>{{Cite report |last=Lie |first=Sean |date=29 August 2022 |url=https://www.cerebras.net/blog/cerebras-architecture-deep-dive-first-look-inside-the-hw/sw-co-design-for-deep-learning |title=Cerebras Architecture Deep Dive: First Look Inside the HW/SW Co-Design for Deep Learning |website=Cerebras |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315033825/https://www.cerebras.net/blog/cerebras-architecture-deep-dive-first-look-inside-the-hw/sw-co-design-for-deep-learning |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Component hardware==

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{{Main|AI accelerator}}

Since the 2010s, advances in computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units and a very large output layer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Research |first1=AI |date=23 October 2015 |title=Deep Neural Networks for Acoustic Modeling in Speech Recognition |url=http://airesearch.com/ai-research-papers/deep-neural-networks-for-acoustic-modeling-in-speech-recognition/ |website=AIresearch.com |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> By 2019, [[graphics processing unit]]s (GPUs), often with AI-specific enhancements, had displaced [[central processing unitunits]] (CPUs) as the dominant means to train large-scale commercial cloud AI.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kobielus |first=James |date=27 November 2019 |url=https://www.informationweek.com/ai-or-machine-learning/gpus-continue-to-dominate-the-ai-accelerator-market-for-now |title=GPUs Continue to Dominate the AI Accelerator Market for Now |work=InformationWeek |language=en |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> [[OpenAI]] estimated the hardware compute used in the largest deep learning projects from Alex Net (2012) to Alpha Zero (2017), and found a 300,000-fold increase in the amount of compute needed, with a doubling-time trend of 3.4 months.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tiernan |first=Ray |date=2019 |title=AI is changing the entire nature of compute |language=en |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ai-is-changing-the-entire-nature-of-compute/ |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2018 |title=AI and Compute |url=https://openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=OpenAI |language=en}}</ref>

== Sources ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Compu-hardware-stub}}

[[Category:Computer hardware]]