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{{Short description|British invasion of the island of Java}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Invasion of Java
|partof = the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|image = B26056056H - The landing of the British Army at Chillinching on the island of Java 4th Augt. 1811.jpg |image_size =
|caption =
|date = 4 August – 18 September 1811
|place = [[Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
|result = British victory▼
|territory = [[French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies#British interregnum 1811–1816|
▲|result=British victory
|combatant1 =
▲|territory=[[French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies#British interregnum 1811–1816|Java captured by Britain]]
▲|combatant1={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|commander1 = [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Stopford]] <br /> [[Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)|Samuel Auchmuty]] <br /> [[Robert Rollo Gillespie]]
|commander2 = [[Jan Willem Janssens]]▼
▲|combatant2={{flagicon|France}} [[First French Empire]]
|strength1 = 12,000 soldiers <br /> 25 warships
|strength2 = Unknown▼
|casualties1 = 1,000▼
|casualties2 = 2,000▼
|campaignbox = {{Dutch colonial campaigns}} <br /> {{Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars}} <br />{{Campaignbox British campaigns in East Indies}}
▲|commander2=[[Jan Willem Janssens]]
▲|strength2=Unknown
▲|casualties1=1,000
▲|casualties2=2,000
}}
The '''Invasion of Java in 1811''' was a successful British [[amphibious operation]] against the Dutch East Indian island of [[Java]] that took place between August and September 1811 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Originally established as a colony of the [[Dutch Republic]], Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and Napoleonic Wars, during which time the French invaded the Republic and established the [[Batavian Republic]] in 1795, and the [[Kingdom of Holland]] in 1806. The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the [[First French Empire]] in 1810, and Java became a titular French colony, though it continued to be administered and defended primarily by Dutch personnel.▼
▲The '''
After the fall of French colonies in the West Indies in 1809 and 1810, and a successful [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811|campaign against French possessions in Mauritius]] in 1810 and 1811, attention turned to the [[Dutch East Indies]]. An expedition was dispatched from India in April 1811, while a small squadron of frigates was ordered to patrol off the island, raiding shipping and launching amphibious assaults against [[Target of opportunity|targets of opportunity]]. Troops were landed on 4 August, and by 8 August the undefended city of [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]] capitulated. The defenders withdrew to a previously prepared fortified position, [[Fort Cornelis]], which the British besieged, capturing it early in the morning of 26 August. The remaining defenders, a mixture of Dutch and French regulars and native militiamen, withdrew, pursued by the British. A series of amphibious and land assaults captured most of the remaining strongholds, and the city of [[Salatiga]] surrendered on 16 September, followed by the official capitulation of the island to the British on 18 September. The island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, but was restored to the Dutch in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]] in 1814 (Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814) :▼
▲After
The island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, but was returned to Dutch control in 1816, as per the terms of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=H.R.C. |date=1950 |title=The Anglo-Dutch Dispute in the East, 1814–1824 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590770 |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=229–239 |doi=10.2307/2590770 |jstor=2590770 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Background==
[[File:
The Netherlands had been controlled by France for several years and was already at war with Britain. The strongly pro-French [[Herman Willem Daendels]] was appointed Governor General of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in 1807. He arrived in Java aboard the French privateer ''Virginie'' in 1808, and began fortifying the island against the threat of a British siege.<ref name=Fregosi320>{{cite book|last=Fregosi|title=Dreams of Empire|page=320}}</ref> In particular, Daendels established an entrenched camp named Fort Cornelis a few miles south of [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]]. He also improved the island's defences by building new hospitals, barracks, arms factories and a new military college.▼
▲The
In 1810, the Netherlands were formally annexed by France. As part of the resulting changes, [[Jan Willem Janssens]] was appointed personally by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to replace Daendels as Governor General. Janssens had previously served as Governor General of the [[Cape Colony]], and had been forced to capitulate after being defeated by British forces at the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]] in 1806. Janssens accompanied a French frigate division under [[Joseph-François Raoul]], consisting of the [[French frigate Méduse (1810)|''Méduse'']] and [[French frigate Nymphe (1811)|''Nymphe'']] and the corvette ''Sappho'' tasked to support Java. This force was accompanied by several hundred French troops (light infantry) and some senior French officers.<ref name=Fregosi320/> They arrived in Java in April 1811 without mishap. On 2 September, the frigates arrived at [[Surabaya]], tailed by the 32-gun frigate [[HMS Bucephalus (1808)|HMS ''Bucephalus'']]. Two days later, another British ship, {{HMS|Barracouta|1807|6}}, joined the chase, but lost contact on 8 September. Four days later, ''Méduse'' and ''Nymphe'' chased the ''Bucephalus'', which escaped and broke contact the next day. The squadron was back in [[Brest, France|Brest]] on 22 December 1811.▼
▲In 1810, the
The British [[Invasion of the Spice Islands|had already occupied]] the Dutch East Indian possessions of [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] and the [[Molucca Islands]]. They had also recently captured the French islands of [[Réunion]] and [[Mauritius]] in the [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811]]. [[Stamford Raffles]], an official of the [[British East India Company]] who had been forced to leave the Dutch settlement at [[Malacca]] when the Netherlands were annexed, suggested to [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], the [[Governor-General of India]], that Java and the other Dutch possessions should be captured. With the large forces which had been made available to him for the Mauritius campaign, Minto enthusiastically adopted the suggestion, and even proposed to accompany the expedition himself.<ref name=Fregosi320/>▼
▲
===Naval raids===
The Navy was active off the Javanese coastline before and during the expedition. On 23 May 1811 a party from {{HMS|Sir Francis Drake|1805|6}} attacked a flotilla of fourteen Dutch gun vessels off [[Surabaya]], capturing nine of them.<ref name="James27"/> Merak, in north-western Java, was attacked and the fort defending the town largely demolished by a party from {{HMS|Minden|1810|6}} and
==Invasion==
[[File:The Boats of H.M.S Sloop Procris (10 guns) engaging French Gunboats off the mouth of the Indramayo, Java.jpg|thumb|Captain Robert Maunsell capturing French Gunboats off the mouth of the [[Indramayu|Indramayo]], July 1811]]
The British force, initially under the command of Vice-Admiral [[William O'Bryen Drury]], and then after his death in March 1811, under Commodore [[William Robert Broughton]], assembled at bases in India in early 1811.<ref name="James26">{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=6|page=26}}</ref> The first division of troops, under the command of Colonel [[Rollo Gillespie]], left [[Madras]] on 18 April, escorted by a squadron under Captain [[Christopher Cole (Royal Navy officer)|Christopher Cole]] aboard the 36-gun {{HMS|Caroline|1795|6}}. They arrived at [[Penang]] on 18 May, and on 21 May the second division, led by Major-General [[Frederick Augustus Wetherall]], which had left [[Calcutta]] on 21 April, escorted by a squadron under Captain [[Fleetwood Pellew]], aboard the 38-gun {{HMS|Phaeton|1782|6}} joined them.<ref name="James26"/> The two squadrons sailed together, arriving at [[Malacca]] on 1 June, where they made contact with a division of troops from [[Bengal]] under Lieutenant-General [[Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)|Sir Samuel Auchmuty]], escorted by Commodore Broughton aboard the 74-gun {{HMS|Illustrious|1803|6}}. Auchmuty and Broughton became the military and naval commanders in chief respectively of the expedition.<ref name="James26"/
With the force now assembled Auchmuty had roughly 11,960 men under his command, the previous strength having been reduced by approximately 1,200 by sickness. Those too ill to travel on were landed at Malacca, and on 11 June the fleet sailed onwards. After calling at various points en route, the force arrived off [[Indramayu]] on 30 June.<ref name="James27">{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=6|page=27}}</ref> On 31 July Captain Maunsell commanding the sloop the ''Procris'', discovered a convoy of 40 or 50 [[proas]], escorted by six French gunboats in the mouth of the Indromayo river. Launching boats they were able to board and capture five of the French gunboats in quick succession; the sixth blew up. Meanwhile, however, the convoy escaped up the shallow muddy river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Robert Maunsell capturing French gunboats off Java, July 1811 |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-15631 |website=Royal Greenwich Museums |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
There the fleet waited for a time for intelligence concerning the Dutch strength. Colonel Mackenzie, an officer who had been dispatched to reconnoitre the coast, suggested a landing site at [[Cilincing]], an undefended fishing village {{convert|12|mi|km}} east of Batavia.<ref name="James31">{{cite book |last=James |title=The Naval History of Great Britain |volume=6 |page=31}}</ref> The fleet anchored off the Marandi River on 4 August, and began landing troops at 14:00.<ref name="Woodman107">{{cite book |last=Woodman|title=The Victory of Seapower|page=107}}</ref> The defenders were taken by surprise, and nearly six hours passed before Franco-Dutch troops arrived to oppose the landing, by which time 8,000 British troops had been landed.<ref name="Woodman107"/><ref name="James32">{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=6|page=32}}</ref> A brief skirmish took place between the advance guards, and the Franco-Dutch forces were repulsed.<ref name="James32"/>
===Fall of Batavia===
On learning of the successful British landing, Janssens withdrew from Batavia with his army, which amounted to between 8,000 and 10,090 men, and garrisoned themselves in Fort Cornelis.<ref name="James32"/> The British advanced on Batavia, reaching it on 8 August and finding it undefended. The city surrendered to the forces under Colonel Gillespie, after Broughton and Auchmuty had offered promises to respect private property.<ref name="James32"/><ref name="Woodman108">{{cite book |last=Woodman|title=The Victory of Seapower|page=108}}</ref> The British were disappointed to find that part of the town had been set on fire, and many warehouses full of goods such as coffee and sugar had been looted or flooded, depriving them of [[prize money]].<ref name=Fregosi321/> On 9 August 1811 Rear-Admiral [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Stopford]] arrived and superseded Commodore Broughton, who was judged to be too cautious.<ref name=Fregosi321>{{cite book|last=Fregosi|title=Dreams of Empire|page=321}}</ref><ref name="James33">{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=6|page=33}}</ref> Stopford had orders to supersede Rear-Admiral [[Sir Albemarle Bertie, 1st Baronet|Albemarle Bertie]] as [[Cape of Good Hope Station|commander in chief at the Cape]], but on his arrival he learnt of Vice-Admiral Drury's death, and the planned expedition to Java, and so travelled on.<ref name="Woodman108"/>
===British advances===
General Janssens had always intended to rely on the tropical climate and disease to weaken the British army rather than oppose a landing.<ref name=Fregosi321/> The British now advanced on Janssens's stronghold, reducing enemy positions as they went. The Dutch military and naval station at Weltevreeden fell to the British after an attack on 10 August. British losses did not exceed 100 while the defenders lost over 300.<ref name=yourarchives>
===Siege of Fort Cornelis===
Line 79 ⟶ 66:
===Later actions===
Royal Navy ships continued to patrol off the coast, occasionally making raids on targets of opportunity. On 4 September two French 40-gun frigates, the [[French frigate Méduse (1810)|''Méduse'']] and the [[French frigate Nymphe (1811)|''Nymphe'']] attempted to escape from [[Surabaya]]. They were pursued by the 36-gun {{HMS|Bucephalus|1808|6}} and the 18-gun
On 31 August a force from the frigates {{HMS|Hussar|1807|6}}, {{HMS|Phaeton|1782|6}} and {{HMS|Sir Francis Drake|1805|6}}, and the sloop
While the navy took control of coastal towns, the army pushed on into the interior of the island. Janssens had been reinforced on 3 September by 1,200 mounted irregulars under Prince Prang Wedono and other Javanese militia. On 16 September [[Salatiga]] fell to the British.<ref name="James39"/> Janssens attacked a British force under Colonel [[Samuel Gibbs (officer)|Samuel Gibbs]] that day, but was repulsed. Many of the native militia killed their Dutch officers in the ensuing rout.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fregosi|title=Dreams of Empire|page=324}}</ref> With his effective force reduced to a handful of men, Janssens surrendered two days later, on 18 September.<ref name="Woodman110"/><ref name="James39"/>
==Aftermath==
The Dutch-held islands of [[Ambon Island|Amboyna]], [[Haruku|Harouka]], [[Saparua]], [[Nusa Laut|Nasso-Laut]], [[Buru]], [[Manipa]], [[Manado]], [[Kupang|Copang]], Amenang, Kemar, Twangwoo, and [[Ternate]] had surrendered to a force led by Captain Edward Tucker in 1810, while Captain Christopher Cole captured the [[Banda Islands]], completing the conquest of Dutch possessions in the [[Maluku Islands]].<ref name="Woodman104-6"/> Java became the last major colonial possession in the East not under British control, and its fall marked the effective end of the war in these waters.<ref name="Woodman110"/><ref name="Woodman104-6">{{cite book|last=Woodman|title=The Victory of Seapower|pages=
Britain returned Java and other East Indian possessions to the newly independent [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the terms of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]] in 1814. One enduring legacy of the British occupation was the road rules, as the British had decreed that [[Left- and right-hand traffic|traffic should drive on the left]], and this has endured in [[Indonesia]] to this day.
==Sepoy
The [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[sepoy]] regiments stationed in Yogyakarta in 1815, inspired by the Hindu rituals of the [[Surakarta]] court and the glory of the Javanese temples of [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobodur]] planned a revolt against the British. This plot was conjured with the help of [[Pakubuwana IV|Sunan]] and the sepoys planned to kill all the British officers, overthrow European power, and install a Bengali administration over the whole island. In the end, the plan never came to fruition. As described by British officer Sir Stamford Raffles:
{{blockquote |text=the Hindus appear to have been gratified at discovering relics of their ancient religion and faith [in Java] and to have received without dislike a country in which they found themselves so much at home...the sepoys always pointed out that Java was the land of Brama. This they would say was the country in which their gods took delight; this must be the country described in their sacredbooks and not Hindustan, which, if ever the abode of the gods must have since been strangely altered, and that it was a sin and a shame that the land of Brama should remain in the hands of infidels |author= Sir Stamford Raffles}}
He further stated that this revolt would ultimately have led to the reestablishment of [[Hinduism]] in
{{blockquote |text=The intimacy between this prince [Pakubuwana IV] and the Sepoys first commenced from his attending ceremonies of their religious worship, which was Hindu, and assisting them with several idols of that worship which had been preserved in his family. The conspirators availing themselves of the predilection of the prince for the religion of his ancestors, flattered him by addressing him as a descendant of the great Ráma [Rama], and a deliberate plan was formed, the object of which was to place the European provinces once more under a Hindu power. Had this plan been attended with success, it would probably have been followed by the almost immediate and general reconversion of the Javanese themselves to the Hindu faith |author= Sir Stamford Raffles}}
The Sunan of Surakarta took an avid interest in the [[Hindus|Hindu]]
{{blockquote |text=In Surakarta, however, the Sunan immediately responded to the
==British order of battle==
Line 121 ⟶ 108:
| style="text-align:center;"| 74
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Rear-Admiral Hon. [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Stopford]]<br />Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 128 ⟶ 115:
| style="text-align:center;"| 74
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commodore [[William Robert Broughton]]<br>Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 135 ⟶ 122:
| style="text-align:center;"| 74
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 142 ⟶ 129:
| style="text-align:center;"| 64
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[Henry Heathcote]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 149 ⟶ 136:
| style="text-align:center;"| 44
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 156 ⟶ 143:
| style="text-align:center;"| 38
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[Philip Beaver]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 170 ⟶ 157:
| style="text-align:center;"| 38
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[James Coutts Crawford]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 177 ⟶ 164:
| style="text-align:center;"| 38
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[Fleetwood Pellew]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fifth rate]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[George Sayer (Royal Navy officer)|George Sayer]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 191 ⟶ 178:
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[Christopher Cole (Royal Navy officer)|Christopher Cole]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 198 ⟶ 185:
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[George Elliot (
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 205 ⟶ 192:
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[James Hillyar]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 212 ⟶ 199:
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 219 ⟶ 206:
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 226 ⟶ 213:
| style="text-align:center;"| 32
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 233 ⟶ 220:
| style="text-align:center;"| 32
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain [[John Edgcumbe]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 240 ⟶ 227:
| style="text-align:center;"| 32
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Captain
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 247 ⟶ 234:
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commander Robert Maunsell
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Brig-sloop]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commander [[William Fitzwilliam Owen]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 261 ⟶ 248:
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commander [[Barrington Reynolds]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 275 ⟶ 262:
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commander [[Henry Peachey, 3rd Baron Selsey|Henry John Peachey]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sloop-of-war|Sloop]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commander [[Benedictus Marwood Kelly]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
Line 289 ⟶ 276:
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Commander Joseph Drury
| style="text-align:left;"|
|- valign="top"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;"|In addition to the vessels of the Royal Navy, the East India Company provided the services of several of their ships, led by ''Malabar'' under Commodore [[John Hayes (explorer)|John Hayes]]. The EIC vessels included ''Ariel'', {{ship|HCS|Aurora|1809|2}}, ''Mornington'',
|- valign="top"
| colspan="6" style=text-align:left;|{{see also|Transport vessels for the British invasion of Java (1811)}} When one adds in the transport vessels, and several gunboats captured as the campaign progressed, Stopford commanded nearly a hundred ships.<ref name="James33"/>
Line 304 ⟶ 291:
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Fregosi|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Fregosi|title=Dreams of Empire: Napoleon and the First World War
* {{cite book |first=William|last=James|author-link=William James (naval historian)|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PN09AAAAcAAJ |title=The Naval History of Great Britain: From the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV|publisher=R. Bentley|___location=London|year=1847|volume=6}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard|last=Woodman|title=The Victory of Seapower: Winning the Napoleonic War 1806–1814|publisher=Mercury Books|___location=London|year=2005|isbn=1-84560-012-6}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Carey|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Carey (historian)|title=The British in Java,
* {{cite book|last=Boulger|first=Demetrius Charles|title=The Life of Sir Stamford Raffles|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501910/page/n107|chapter=Chapter IV: The Java Expedition|publisher=H. Marshall|year=1897|pages=83–88}}
{{refend}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]]▼
[[Category:Battles involving British India|Java]]
[[Category:
[[Category:British rule in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Military history of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1811|Java]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]▼
[[Category:1811 in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars]]
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[[Category:Invasions of the Dutch East Indies|Java 1811]]
[[Category:1811 in the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:August 1811
[[Category:September 1811
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