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| committee =[https://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/ Semantic Web Deployment Working Group]
| base_standards = [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]
| related_standards =[[RDFa]], [[Web Ontology Language|OWL]]
| abbreviation = SKOS
| ___domain = [[Semantic Web]]
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=== DESIRE II project (1997–2000) ===
The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project <ref name="Desire Project">{{Citation |date=August 7, 2000 |title=Desire: Development of a European Service for Information on Research and Education |publisher=Desire Consortium |url=http://www.desire.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230823/http://www.desire.org/ |archive-date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=The Desire Project reference does not appear to directly address the SKOS ancestry statement made here.|date=August 2012}}. Motivated by the need to improve the
=== LIMBER (1999–2001) ===
SKOS built upon the output of the Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project funded by the [[European Community]], and part of the [[Information Society Technologies]] programme. In the LIMBER project [[CCLRC]] further developed an [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] thesaurus interchange format<ref>{{cite journal|url=
=== SWAD-Europe (2002–2004) ===
SKOS as a distinct initiative began in the SWAD-Europe project, bringing together partners from both DESIRE, SOSIG (ILRT) and LIMBER (CCLRC) who had worked with earlier versions of the schema. It was developed in the Thesaurus Activity Work Package, in the Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe) project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Europe/|title=Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe)|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> SWAD-Europe was funded by the [[European Community]], and part of the [[Information Society Technologies]] programme. The project was designed to support
=== Semantic web activity (2004–2005) ===
Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported by the W3C Semantic Web Activity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/|title=W3C Semantic Web Activity Homepage|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> in the framework of the Best Practice and Deployment Working Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2004/03/thes-tf/mission|title=Porting Thesauri Task Force (PORT) / Semantic Web Best Practices and Deployment
=== Development as W3C Recommendation (2006–2009) ===
The SKOS main published documents — the SKOS Core Guide,<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-skos-core-guide SKOS Core Guide] W3C Working Draft 2 November 2005</ref> the SKOS Core Vocabulary Specification,<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-skos-core-spec SKOS Core Vocabulary Specification] W3C Working Draft 2 November 2005</ref> and
The Semantic Web Deployment Working Group,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/|title=W3C Semantic Web Deployment Working Group|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> chartered for two years (May 2006 – April 2008), put in its charter to push SKOS forward on the [[W3C Recommendation]] track. The roadmap projected SKOS as a Candidate Recommendation by the end of 2007, and as a Proposed Recommendation in the first quarter of 2008. The main issues to solve were determining its precise scope of use, and its articulation with other RDF languages and standards used in libraries (such as [[Dublin Core]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061108192228/http://isegserv.
=== Formal release (2009) ===
On August 18, 2009, [[W3C]] released the new standard that builds a bridge between the world of [[Knowledge organization system|knowledge organization systems]] – including thesauri, classifications, subject headings, taxonomies, and [[folksonomy|folksonomies]] – and the [[linked data]] community, bringing benefits to both. Libraries, museums, newspapers, government portals, enterprises, social networking applications, and other communities that manage large
=== Historical view of components ===
SKOS was originally designed as a modular and extensible
== Overview ==
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In addition to the reference itself, the SKOS Primer (a W3C Working Group Note) summarizes the Simple Knowledge Organization System.
The SKOS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference|title=SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> defines the classes and properties
* one or more preferred [[index term]]s (at most one in each natural language)
* alternative terms or [[synonym]]s
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=== Element categories ===
The
{| border="1" class="wikitable"
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=== Concepts ===
The SKOS vocabulary is based on concepts. Concepts are the units of thought—ideas, meanings, or objects and events (instances or categories)—which underlie many knowledge organization systems
A <code>ConceptScheme</code> is analogous to a vocabulary, thesaurus, or other way of organizing concepts. SKOS does not constrain a concept to be within a particular scheme, nor does it provide any way to declare a complete scheme—there is no way to say the scheme consists only of certain members. A topConcept is (one of) the upper concept(s) in a hierarchical scheme.
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=== Labels and notations ===
Each SKOS <code>label</code> is a string of [[Unicode]] characters, optionally with language tags, that are associated with a concept. The <code>prefLabel</code> is the preferred human-readable string (maximum
A SKOS <code>notation</code> is similar to a label, but this literal string has a datatype, like integer, float, or date; the datatype can even be made up (see 6.5.1 Notations, Typed Literals and Datatypes
=== Documentation ===
The Documentation or Note properties provide basic information about SKOS concepts. All the
Any of these SKOS Documentation properties can refer to several object types: a literal (e.g., a string); a resource node that has its own properties; or a reference
Specific guidance on SKOS documentation properties can be found
=== Semantic relations ===
SKOS semantic relations are intended to provide ways to declare relationships
The property <code>related</code> simply makes an association relationship between two concepts; no hierarchy or generality relation is implied. The properties <code>broader</code> and <code>narrower</code> are used to assert a direct hierarchical link between two concepts. The meaning may be unexpected; the relation <code><A> broader <B></code> means that A has a broader concept called B—hence that B is broader than A. Narrower follows in the same pattern.
While the casual reader might expect broader and narrower to be [[
=== Mapping ===
SKOS mapping properties are intended to express matching (exact or fuzzy) of concepts from one concept scheme to another, and by convention are used only to connect concepts from different
The property <code>relatedMatch</code> makes a simple associative relationship between two concepts. When concepts are so closely related that they can generally be used interchangeably, <code>exactMatch<
=== Concept collections ===
The concept collections (<code>Collection</code>, <code>orderedCollection</code>) are labeled and/or ordered (<code>orderedCollection</code>) groups of SKOS concepts. Collections
== Community and participation ==
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*SKOS has been used as the language for the thesauri used in the [[SWED Environmental Directory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swed.org.uk/swed|title=Semantic Web Environmental Directory|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830092349/http://www.swed.org.uk/swed/|archive-date=2006-08-30}}</ref> developed in the SWAD-Europe project framework.
*A way to convert thesauri to SKOS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesauri.cs.vu.nl/eswc06/|title=A Method to Convert Thesauri to SKOS|website=thesauri.cs.vu.nl}}</ref> with examples including the [[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] thesaurus, has been outlined by the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]].
*Subject classification using [[Darwin Information Typing Architecture|DITA]] and SKOS has been developed by [[IBM]].<ref>[http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita10/ Subject classification using
*SKOS is used to represent geographical feature types in the [[GeoNames]] ontology.
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* ThesauRex is an open-source, web-based SKOS editor. It is limited to broader/narrower relations among concepts and offers tree-based interaction and with thesauri and drag&drop creation of new thesauri based on a master thesaurus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/eScienceCenter/ThesauRex|title=eScienceCenter/ThesauRex|date=22 March 2020|website=GitHub}}</ref>
* Mondeca's Intelligent Topic Manager (ITM) is a full-featured SKOS-compliant solution for managing taxonomies, thesauri, and other controlled vocabularies.
*Opentheso is an open source web-based thesaurus management system compliant with ISO 25964:2011 and ISO 25964-2:2012 standards (Information and Documentation. Thesauri and Interoperability with other vocabularies). It offers SKOS and csv exports and imports, REST and SOAP web services and manages persistent identifiers (ARK). It has been developed at the French National Center for Scientific Research since 2007. It is currently used by the French archaeological libraries network Frantiq and by research teams and by the Hospices Civils de Lyon as a collaborative thesaurus management tool. It can be downloaded on github.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://opentheso.healthandco.fr/opentheso/opentheso.xhtml | title=Opentheso - Copyright | access-date=2018-04-04 | archive-date=2020-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807064751/http://opentheso.healthandco.fr/opentheso/opentheso.xhtml | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* OpenSKOS is a web service-based approach to publication, management and use of vocabulary data that can be mapped to SKOS. Its source code is available on GitHub. It includes [[CRUD]] like [[RESTful]] operations on SKOS concepts and a web-based editor for searching and editing concepts. It was developed by Picturae and funded by the Dutch heritage fond CATCHPlus.
* [[TemaTres]] Vocabulary Server<ref>[http://www.vocabularyserver.com TemaTres] is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses</ref> is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses and other formal representations of knowledge. TemaTres provides complete export of vocabularies into SKOS-core in addition to Zthes, TopicMaps, MADS, Dublin Core, VDEX, BS 8723, SiteMap, SQL and text.
* ThManager<ref>[
* The W3C provides an experimental on-line validation service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/validation|title=Validation Services - SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System|website=www.w3.org}}</ref>
* Vocbench<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vocbench.uniroma2.it/|title=VocBench: A Collaborative Management System for SKOS-XL Thesauri|website=vocbench.uniroma2.it}}</ref> is an open-source, web-based RDF/OWL/SKOS/SKOS-XL editor developed by a collaboration between the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) of the United Nations, the [[University of Rome Tor Vergata]] and the Malaysian research centre [[MIMOS]]. It supports the FAO's multilingual agricultural thesaurus [[AGROVOC]], among other resources of FAO and the European Community.
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* PoolParty<ref>[http://www.poolparty.biz/ PoolParty] is a thesaurus management system and a SKOS editor for the Semantic Web.</ref> is a commercial-quality thesaurus management system and a SKOS editor for the Semantic Web including text analysis functionalities and [[Linked Data]] capabilities.
* qSKOS<ref>[https://github.com/cmader/qSKOS/ qSKOS] is an open-source tool for SKOS vocabulary quality assessment.</ref> is an open-source tool for performing quality assessment of SKOS vocabularies by checking against a quality issue catalog.
* SKOSEd<ref>[http://code.google.com/p/skoseditor/ SKOSEd] SKOS plugin for Protege 4</ref> is an open source plug-in for the Protégé 4<ref>Protégé 4 Protégé 4 OWL editor</ref> [[Web Ontology Language|OWL]] ontology editor that supports authoring SKOS vocabularies. SKOSEd has an accompanying SKOS API<ref>[
* Model Futures SKOS Exporter<ref>
* Lexaurus<ref>[https://www.k-int.com/products/lexaurus/ Lexaurus] is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor.</ref> is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor. Its extensive API includes full revision management. SKOS is one of its many supported formats.
* SKOS Shuttle<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skosshuttle.ch/|title=SKOS Shuttle|first=Semweb LLC, Fabio|last=Ricci|website=skosshuttle.ch|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=2021-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311200916/https://skosshuttle.ch/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a thesaurus management service which allows users to import, maintain, process and synchronize thesauri in SKOS using also special extensions of SKOS.
* TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net (EVN)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topquadrant.com/solutions/ent_vocab_net.html|title=TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net - TopQuadrant, Inc|access-date=2011-11-03|archive-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211907/http://www.topquadrant.com/solutions/ent_vocab_net.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and TopBraid Enterprise Data Governance (EDG) are web-based solutions that support development and management of interconnected controlled vocabularies such as taxonomies, thesauri, business glossaries and ontologies. SKOS and SKOS-XL are supported.
* Thesaurus Master, for creating, developing, and maintaining taxonomies and thesauri, is part of Access Innovations' Data Harmony knowledge management software line. It offers SKOS-compliant export.
* Fluent Editor 2014 – an ontology editor which allows users to work and edit directly OWL annotations and SKOS. Annotations will be processed also for referenced ontologies as well as imported/exported to OWL/RDF and can be processed on the server.
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010174048/http://idealliance.org/proceedings/xtech05/papers/03-04-01/ Presentation of SKOS at XTech 2005 Conference]
* [http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item35 W3C Invites Implementations of SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) Reference; Primer Also Published]
* [http://demo.semantic-web.at:8080/SkosServices/index SKOS Validator and Zthes Converter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211135151/http://demo.semantic-web.at:8080/SkosServices/index |date=2010-02-11 }}
{{Semantic Web}}
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