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{{short description|W3C recommendation}}
{{Infobox technology standard
| title = SKOS
| long_name =Simple Knowledge Organization System
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| status = Published ([[W3C Recommendation]])
| year_started ={{Start date and age|1997}}
| version =[https://www.w3.org/2009/08/skos-reference/skos.html Core], [https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/ Reference], [http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/skos.rdf RDF], [https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-primer/ Primer]
| version_date ={{Start date and age|18|8|2009}}
| preview =
| preview_date =
| organization = [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C)
| committee =[https://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/ Semantic Web Deployment Working Group]
| base_standards = [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]
| related_standards =[[RDFa]], [[Web Ontology Language|OWL]], [[ISO 25964]], [[Dublin Core]]
| abbreviation = SKOS
| ___domain = [[Semantic Web]]
| license =
| website = {{URL|https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/}}
|first_published=
|authors=[[Alistair Miles]], [[Sean Bechhofer]]
|series=
|editors=
}}
'''Simple Knowledge Organization System''' ('''SKOS''') is a [[W3C recommendation]] designed for representation of [[Thesaurus (information retrieval)|thesauri]], [[classification scheme]]s, [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomies]], [[Authority control|subject-heading systems]], or any other type of structured [[controlled vocabulary]]. SKOS is part of the [[Semantic Web]] family of standards built upon [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] and [[RDF Schema|RDFS]], and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as [[linked data]].
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=== DESIRE II project (1997–2000) ===
The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project <ref name="Desire Project">{{Citation |date=August 7, 2000 |title=Desire: Development of a European Service for Information on Research and Education |publisher=Desire Consortium |url=http://www.desire.org/ |
=== LIMBER (1999–2001) ===
SKOS built upon the output of the Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project funded by the [[European Community]], and part of the [[Information Society Technologies]] programme. In the LIMBER project [[CCLRC]] further developed an [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] thesaurus interchange format<ref>{{cite journal|url=
=== SWAD-Europe (2002–2004) ===
SKOS as a distinct initiative began in the SWAD-Europe project, bringing together partners from both DESIRE, SOSIG (ILRT) and LIMBER (CCLRC) who had worked with earlier versions of the schema. It was developed in the Thesaurus Activity Work Package, in the Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe) project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Europe/|title=Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe)|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> SWAD-Europe was funded by the [[European Community]], and part of the [[Information Society Technologies]] programme. The project was designed to support W3C's Semantic Web Activity through research, demonstrators and outreach efforts conducted by the five project partners, [[ERCIM]], the ILRT at [[Bristol University]], [[HP Labs]], [[CCLRC]] and Stilo. The first release of SKOS Core and SKOS Mapping were published at the end of 2003, along with other deliverables on RDF encoding of multilingual thesauri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3c.rl.ac.uk/SWAD/deliverables/8.3.html|title=SWAD-Europe Deliverable 8.3 : RDF Encoding of Multilingual Thesauri|url-status=dead|
=== Semantic web activity (2004–2005) ===
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=== Formal release (2009) ===
On August 18, 2009, [[W3C]] released the new standard that builds a bridge between the world of [[Knowledge organization system|knowledge organization systems]] – including thesauri, classifications, subject headings, taxonomies, and [[folksonomy|folksonomies]] – and the [[linked data]] community, bringing benefits to both. Libraries, museums, newspapers, government portals, enterprises, social networking applications, and other communities that manage large collections of books, historical artifacts, news reports, business glossaries, blog entries, and other items can now use SKOS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-reference-20090818/|title=SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> to leverage the power of linked data.
=== Historical view of components ===
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=== Concepts ===
The SKOS vocabulary is based on concepts. Concepts are the units of thought—ideas, meanings, or objects and events (instances or categories)—which underlie many knowledge organization systems. As such, concepts exist in the mind as abstract entities which are independent of the terms used to label them. In SKOS, a <code>Concept</code> (based on the OWL <code>Class</code>) is used to represent items in a knowledge organization system (terms, ideas, meanings, etc.) or such a system's conceptual or organizational structure.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2009-08-18 |title=SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference#Concepts |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-skos-primer-20090818/#secconcept |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.w3.org |language=en |id=W3C NOTE skos-primer-2009/#secconcept}}</ref>
A <code>ConceptScheme</code> is analogous to a vocabulary, thesaurus, or other way of organizing concepts. SKOS does not constrain a concept to be within a particular scheme, nor does it provide any way to declare a complete scheme—there is no way to say the scheme consists only of certain members. A topConcept is (one of) the upper concept(s) in a hierarchical scheme.
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=== Documentation ===
The Documentation or Note properties provide basic information about SKOS concepts. All the
Any of these SKOS Documentation properties can refer to several object types: a literal (e.g., a string); a resource node that has its own properties; or a reference to another document, for example using a URI. This enables the documentation to have its own [[metadata]], like creator and creation date.
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== Applications ==
*Some important vocabularies have been migrated into SKOS format and are available in the public ___domain, including [[EuroVoc]], [[AGROVOC]] and [[GEMET]]. [[Library of Congress Subject Headings]] (LCSH) also support the SKOS format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/about.html|title=About the Library of Congress Authorities|url-status=dead|
*SKOS has been used as the language for the thesauri used in the [[SWED Environmental Directory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swed.org.uk/swed|title=Semantic Web Environmental Directory|url-status=dead|
*A way to convert thesauri to SKOS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesauri.cs.vu.nl/eswc06/|title=A Method to Convert Thesauri to SKOS|website=thesauri.cs.vu.nl}}</ref> with examples including the [[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] thesaurus, has been outlined by the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]].
*Subject classification using [[Darwin Information Typing Architecture|DITA]] and SKOS has been developed by [[IBM]].<ref>[http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita10/ Subject classification using
*SKOS is used to represent geographical feature types in the [[GeoNames]] ontology.
== Tools ==
* Unilexicon<ref>[https://unilexicon.com/ Unilexicon] web based visual taxonomy editor</ref> is a web based visual editor and [[Taxonomy for search engines|taxonomy]] manager for authoring controlled vocabularies with tagging integration and JSON API. Its primary visualisation uses [[hyperbolic tree]].
* ThesauRex is an open-source, web-based SKOS editor. It is limited to broader/narrower relations among concepts and offers tree-based interaction and with thesauri and drag&drop creation of new thesauri based on a master thesaurus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/eScienceCenter/ThesauRex|title=eScienceCenter/ThesauRex
* Mondeca's Intelligent Topic Manager (ITM) is a full-featured SKOS-compliant solution for managing taxonomies, thesauri, and other controlled vocabularies.
*Opentheso is an open source web-based thesaurus management system compliant with ISO 25964:2011 and ISO 25964-2:2012 standards (Information and Documentation. Thesauri and Interoperability with other vocabularies). It offers SKOS and csv exports and imports, REST and SOAP web services and manages persistent identifiers (ARK). It has been developed at the French National Center for Scientific Research since 2007. It is currently used by the French archaeological libraries network Frantiq and by research teams and by the Hospices Civils de Lyon as a collaborative thesaurus management tool. It can be downloaded on github.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://opentheso.healthandco.fr/opentheso/opentheso.xhtml | title=Opentheso - Copyright | access-date=2018-04-04 | archive-date=2020-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807064751/http://opentheso.healthandco.fr/opentheso/opentheso.xhtml | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* OpenSKOS is a web service-based approach to publication, management and use of vocabulary data that can be mapped to SKOS. Its source code is available on GitHub. It includes [[CRUD]] like [[RESTful]] operations on SKOS concepts and a web-based editor for searching and editing concepts. It was developed by Picturae and funded by the Dutch heritage fond CATCHPlus.
* [[TemaTres]] Vocabulary Server<ref>[http://www.vocabularyserver.com TemaTres] is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses</ref> is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses and other formal representations of knowledge. TemaTres provides complete export of vocabularies into SKOS-core in addition to Zthes, TopicMaps, MADS, Dublin Core, VDEX, BS 8723, SiteMap, SQL and text.
* ThManager<ref>[
* The W3C provides an experimental on-line validation service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/validation|title=Validation Services - SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System|website=www.w3.org}}</ref>
* Vocbench<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vocbench.uniroma2.it/|title=VocBench: A Collaborative Management System for SKOS-XL Thesauri|website=vocbench.uniroma2.it}}</ref> is an open-source, web-based RDF/OWL/SKOS/SKOS-XL editor developed by a collaboration between the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) of the United Nations, the [[University of Rome Tor Vergata]] and the Malaysian research centre [[MIMOS]]. It supports the FAO's multilingual agricultural thesaurus [[AGROVOC]], among other resources of FAO and the European Community.
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* PoolParty<ref>[http://www.poolparty.biz/ PoolParty] is a thesaurus management system and a SKOS editor for the Semantic Web.</ref> is a commercial-quality thesaurus management system and a SKOS editor for the Semantic Web including text analysis functionalities and [[Linked Data]] capabilities.
* qSKOS<ref>[https://github.com/cmader/qSKOS/ qSKOS] is an open-source tool for SKOS vocabulary quality assessment.</ref> is an open-source tool for performing quality assessment of SKOS vocabularies by checking against a quality issue catalog.
* SKOSEd<ref>[http://code.google.com/p/skoseditor/ SKOSEd] SKOS plugin for Protege 4</ref> is an open source plug-in for the Protégé 4<ref>Protégé 4 Protégé 4 OWL editor</ref> [[Web Ontology Language|OWL]] ontology editor that supports authoring SKOS vocabularies. SKOSEd has an accompanying SKOS API<ref>[
* Model Futures SKOS Exporter<ref>
* Lexaurus<ref>[https://www.k-int.com/products/lexaurus/ Lexaurus] is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor.</ref> is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor. Its extensive API includes full revision management. SKOS is one of its many supported formats.
* SKOS Shuttle<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skosshuttle.ch/|title=SKOS Shuttle|first=Semweb LLC, Fabio|last=Ricci|website=skosshuttle.ch|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=2021-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311200916/https://skosshuttle.ch/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a thesaurus management service which allows users to import, maintain, process and synchronize thesauri in SKOS using also special extensions of SKOS.
* TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net (EVN)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topquadrant.com/solutions/ent_vocab_net.html|title=TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net - TopQuadrant, Inc|
* Thesaurus Master, for creating, developing, and maintaining taxonomies and thesauri, is part of Access Innovations' Data Harmony knowledge management software line. It offers SKOS-compliant export.
* Fluent Editor 2014 – an ontology editor which allows users to work and edit directly OWL annotations and SKOS. Annotations will be processed also for referenced ontologies as well as imported/exported to OWL/RDF and can be processed on the server.
* Smartlogic Semaphore Ontology Editor – a SKOS and SKOS-XL based ontology editor which allows creating models based strictly on the SKOS standards.
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010174048/http://idealliance.org/proceedings/xtech05/papers/03-04-01/ Presentation of SKOS at XTech 2005 Conference]
* [http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item35 W3C Invites Implementations of SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) Reference; Primer Also Published]
* [http://demo.semantic-web.at:8080/SkosServices/index SKOS Validator and Zthes Converter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211135151/http://demo.semantic-web.at:8080/SkosServices/index |date=2010-02-11 }}
{{Semantic Web}}
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