Help:IPA/Romansh: Difference between revisions

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{{IPA key|H:IPA-RM}}

The charts below show how the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Romansh language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Romansh language#Phonology|Romansh phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Romansh.

{|style="background: none

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| style="vertical-align:top;" |

{|class="wikitable"

!colspan=3"4"| [[Consonant]]s

|-

!colspan="2"| [[Help:IPA|IPA]]!!Examples!!English approximation

!Examples!!English approximation

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-buna.flac|'''b'''un;una|help=no}}, '''b'''ler

|'''b'''ike

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-dent.flac|'''d'''ent;|help=no}}, '''d'''ubel

|'''d'''one

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʑ}}</big><ref name="transcr">Also{{IPA|[dʑ]}} transcribedand as{{IPA|[tɕ]}} aare palatalalso stoprespectively transcribed as {{IPA|[ɟ]}} and {{IPA|[c]}} by some Romansh linguists.</ref>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-agid.flac|a'''g'''id;|help=no}}, '''''j'''et''

|''roughly like'' l'''awd'''ew (''[[British English]]'')

|similar to the /dʒ/ in '''j'''ab

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>

|'''f'''itg;, '''f'''lad;, {{audio|Roh-vallader-clav.ogg|cla'''v'''|help=no}}

|'''f'''ast

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-gat.ogg|'''g'''at;|help=no}}, '''g'''alant

|'''g'''as

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>

|'''c'''arr;, ar'''ch'''ite'''c'''t;, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-aug.flac|au'''g''';|help=no}}, '''k'''ios'''c''';, '''q'''uai

|s'''c'''ar

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-lavar.flac|'''l'''avar;|help=no}}, mi'''ll'''i;, va'''l'''

|'''l'''ip

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-egl.flac|e'''gl''';|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac|'''gl'''ieud;|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-bigliet.flac|bi'''gl'''iet|help=no}}

|''roughly like'' mi'''lli'''on

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>

|'''m'''illi;, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-um.flac|u'''m'''|help=no}}

|'''m'''other

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-nanin.flac|'''n'''a'''n'''i'''n''';|help=no}}, o'''nn'''s

|'''n'''est

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-saung.flac|sau'''ng'''|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-lungatg.flac|lu'''n'''gatg|help=no}}

|lu'''ng'''; lu'''n'''ga

|si'''ng'''

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac|bo'''gn'''|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac|'''gn'''ierv|help=no}}

|bo'''gn'''; '''gn'''erv

|''roughly like'' ca'''ny'''on

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-papetaria.flac|'''p'''ala'''p'''iri;etaria|help=no}}, a'''pp'''artament;, ver'''b'''

|s'''p'''in

|-

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big><ref>Some dialects pronounce {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.</ref>

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|çʁ}}</big><ref name="dial">OnlyRealization invaries someamong dialects.</ref>

|'''r'''adical; ca'''rr'''; megl'''r'''a

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-roda.ogg|'''r'''oda|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-carr.flac|ca'''rr'''|help=no}}, megl'''r'''a

|''roughly like'' wa'''t'''er (''[[American English]]'') ''or French'' '''r'''ose

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|s̪|s}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-vossa.flac|vo'''ss'''a;|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-nus.flac|nu'''s'''|help=no}}

|'''s'''orry

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>

|'''sch'''anza;, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-glisch.flac|gli'''sch''';|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-puspei.flac|pu'''s'''pè;pei|help=no}}, '''s'''copo

|'''sh'''ip

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-teater.flac|'''t'''ea'''t'''er;|help=no}}, '''t'''i;, agi'''d'''

|s'''t'''ar

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t̪͡s̪|ts}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-cefra.flac|'''c'''ifra;efra|help=no}}, belle'''zz'''a;, '''z'''unt

|ca'''ts'''

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɕ}}</big><ref>Also transcribed as [c] by some Romansh linguists<name="transcr"/ref>

|{{audio|Roh-vallader-chasa.ogg|'''ch'''asa|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-tgamin.flac|'''tg'''amin|help=no}}

|'''ch'''asa; '''tg'''e

|s'''t'''ew (''British English'')

|similar to the /k/ in '''k'''ey

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|vtʃ}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-vallader-rumantsch.ogg|ruman'''tsch'''|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-tschetschapuorla.flac|'''tsch'''e'''tsch'''apuorla|help=no}}

|'''ch'''ipew

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃv}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-grava.ogg|gra'''v'''a|help=no}}, '''''w'''att''

|Ruman'''tsch'''

|'''ch'''ip

|-

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>

|gra'''v'''a; '''''w'''att''

|'''v'''ent

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|z̪|z}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-casa.ogg|ca'''s'''a;|help=no}}, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-rosa.flac|ro'''s'''a|help=no}}

|'''z'''ipper

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac|'''s'''bagl;|help=no}}, '''S'''vizra;, bran'''sch'''a;, {{audio|Roh-sursilvan-grischun.ogg|Gri'''sch'''un|help=no}}

|mea'''s'''ure

|-

!colspan="34"|[[Semivowel]]sMarginal consonants

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|jh}}</big><ref>{{angbr|h}} is aspirated only in interjections and loanwords.</ref>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg|'''h'''aluncs|help=no}}, '''h'''obi

|'''j'''uvel; Ital'''i'''a; '''''y'''ak''

|'''yh'''ouat

|-

!colspan="34"|Dialectal consonantconsonants

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>

|q'''u'''el; '''u'''al; '''''w'''alkman''

|'''w'''ine

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big>

!colspan="3"|Marginal consonant

|{{audio|Roh-putèr-amih2.ogg|ami'''h'''|help=no}}

|'''h'''ue

|-

!colspan="4"|[[Semivowel]]s

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big><ref>Only in interjections and loanwards.</ref>

|'''h'''aluncs; '''h'''obi

|'''h'''at

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>

!colspan="3"|Dialectal consonant

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-jeu.ogg|'''j'''uvel;eu|help=no}}, Ital'''i'''a;, '''''y'''ak''

|-

|'''hy'''atou

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big><ref>Only in some dialects.</ref>

|ami'''h'''

|'''h'''ue

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-quel.ogg|q'''u'''el;|help=no}}, '''u'''al;, '''''w'''alkman''

|'''w'''ine

|}

|style="vertical-align:top;"|

{|class="wikitable"

!colspan=3"4"| [[Vowel]]s

|-

!colspan="2"| [[Help:IPA|IPA]]!!Examples!!English approximation

!Examples!!English approximation

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-vallader-banc.ogg|b'''a'''nc;|help=no}}, cl'''a'''v

|''roughly like'' f'''a'''ther

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>&thinsp; ~&thinsp; <big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big><ref>This pronunciationPronunciation varies between the two realizations.</ref>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-casa.ogg|cas'''a''';|help=no}}, {{audio|Roh-putèr-mellan.ogg|mell'''e'''n|help=no}}

|comm'''a''' ''or roughly like'' g'''u'''t

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>

|bl'''e'''r;, {{audio|Roh-sursilvan-pér.ogg|p'''é'''r|help=no}}

|''roughly like'' p'''a'''y

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>

|'''è''';, {{audio|Roh-sursilvan-pèr.ogg|p'''è'''r|help=no}}

|b'''e'''d

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>

|t'''i''';, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-historic.flac|h'''i'''stor'''i'''c|help=no}}

|s'''ee'''

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|oɔ}}</big>

|bir{{audio|Roh-putèr-pom.ogg|p'''o''';m|help=no}}, t'''o'''vrac

|t'''ooo'''ff

|''roughly like'' l'''aw''' (''[[British English]]'')

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔo}}</big>

|p{{audio|Rm-sursilv-biro.flac|bir'''o'''m;|help=no}}, t'''o'''cvra

|nl'''oaw'''t (''British English'')

|-

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big><ref>Some dialects pronounce it as {{IPAblink|o}} or {{IPAblink|ʊ}}.</ref>

|style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ho}}</big> ~ <refbig>Only in interjections and loanwards.{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big><ref name="dial"/>

|b'''u'''n; '''u'''dir

|b'''u'''n, {{audio|Rm-sursilv-udir.flac|'''u'''dir|help=no}}

|t'''oo'''

|lut'''ngoo''';l lu''or'n' p'''u'''gall

|-

!colspan="34"|Dialectal vowels<ref>Only in [[Putèr]] and [[Vallader]] dialects and German wordsborrowings.</ref>

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ø}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-vallader-chaschöl.ogg|chasch'''ö'''l|help=no}}, {{audio|Roh-putèr-ögl.ogg|'''ö'''gl|help=no}}

|chasch'''ö'''l

|''roughly like'' h'''u'''rt

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-vallader-mür.ogg|m'''ü'''r|help=no}}, {{audio|Roh-putèr-bügl.ogg|b'''ü'''gl|help=no}}

|t'''ü'''

|''roughly like'' c'''u'''te (''American English'')

|-

|colspan="34" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; 

|-

!colspan=3"4"| [[IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]

|-

! colspan="2"|[[Help:IPA|IPA]]!!Examples!!English example

!Examples!!English approximation

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>

|{{audio|Roh-sursilvan-comba.ogg|'''com'''ba|help=no}} {{IPA|[ˈkɔmbɐ]}}

|'''bo'''ttle

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ˌ}}</big>

|'''li'''bra'''main'''bramain {{IPA|[ˌlibrəˈmaːinˌlibrəˈmaːi̯n]}}

|'''in'''to'''na'''tiontonation

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAIPAlink|.}}</big>

|g'''ïunïu'''nist {{IPA|[dʒidʑi.ˈunuˈniʃt]}}

|m'''oai'''

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ː}}</big>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-dar.flac|d'''a'''r|help=no}} {{IPA|[daːr]}}

|''[[long vowel]]''

|-

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|◌̯}}</big><ref>Used to denote the second element of a [[falling diphthong]].</ref>

|{{audio|Rm-sursilv-cuort.flac|cu'''o'''rt|help=no}} {{IPA|[kuɔ̯rt]|}}

|Ruman no'''tschw'''

|}

|}

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{{reflist}}

==See also==

{{IPA keys horizontal}}

*{{clc|Pages with Romansh IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys horizontal}}

[[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help|Romansh]]