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{{Short description|U.S. defense initiative to connect armed forces sensors into a unified network}}
{{copy edit|date=July 2025}}
'''Joint All-Domain Command and Control''' or '''JADC2''' is the concept that the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] has developed to connect sensors from all branches of the armed forces into a [[Joint Artificial Intelligence Center#Network of networks|§ unified network]] powered by [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name=interdependency/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lingel |first1=Sherrill |last2=Hagen |first2=Jeff |last3=Hastings |first3=Eric |last4=Lee |first4=Mary |last5=Sargent |first5=Matthew |last6=Walsh |first6=Matthew |last7=Zhang |first7=Li A. |last8=Blancett |first8=David |last9=Zhang |first9=Li A. |last10=Blancett |first10=David |date=2020-01-01 |title=Joint All Domain Command and Control for Modern Warfare: An Analytic Framework for Identifying and Developing Artificial Intelligence Applications |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1106119 |language=en}}</ref><ref name= itnIenLayers >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/the-fraying-edge-limits-of-the-armys-global-network/ (29 August 2019) The Fraying Edge: Limits Of The Army's Global Network]</ref> These branches include the [[US Air Force|Air Force]], [[US Army|Army]], [[US Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[US Navy|Navy]], as well as [[US Space Force|Space Force]].
Each military branch has its initiative that contributes to JADC2; the Army has ''Project Convergence'',<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Project Convergence: An Experiment for Multidomain Operations |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/project-convergence-experiment-multidomain-operations |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.csis.org |date=16 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> the Navy has ''Project Overmatch'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=2021-11-19 |title=Project Overmatch: What Is Behind this Navy Warfighting Program? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/project-overmatch-what-behind-navy-warfighting-program-196527 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> and the Air Force has the ''Advanced Battle Management System'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=2022-03-09 |title=The Advanced Battle Management System Turns Data Into a Weapon |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/advanced-battle-management-system-turns-data-weapon-201070 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref><ref name= afRcoCR1 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/f-22-to-be-left-out-of-air-forces-abms-data-transfer-prototype-gao/ (17 Jan 2023) F-22 to be left out of Air
*Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2023/01/18/f-22-cut-from-us-air-force-data-sharing-prototype/ (18 Jan 2023) F-22 cut from US Air Force data-sharing prototype] along with A-10s, KC-135s</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Force hosts service chiefs to discuss JADC2 |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3077228/air-force-hosts-service-chiefs-to-discuss-jadc2/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Air Force |date=29 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> also known as ''ABMS''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demarest |first=Colin |date=2022-07-05 |title=AT&T, 26 other companies join Air Force's $950 million JADC2 effort |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/07/05/att-26-other-companies-join-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-effort/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> The Space Force has the [[Space Development Agency]]'s ''National Defense Space Architecture'' ([[Hypersonic flight#Weapons|NDSA]]).<ref name= aboutUsSDA >[https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ (2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC)] About Us</ref><ref name= magnuson2019 >Stew Magnuson (19 September 2019) {{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/9/19/details-of-the-pentagon-new-space-architecture-revealed|title=Details of the Pentagon New Space Architecture Revealed|website=www.nationaldefensemagazine.org}}</ref><ref name=tRyanGamti >Tim Ryan [[Mitchell Institute]] [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/to-ensure-jadc2-and-to-win-in-future-conflicts-look-to-the-transport-layer-in-space/ (11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space] [[Ground Moving Target Identification]] (GMTI) and [[Air Moving Target Identification]] (AMTI)</ref> ''See [[#Outernet|§ Outernet]]''
One primary application of JADC2 is a request— a [[Indirect fire#Call for fire|call for fire]] (CFF).{{efn|name= armyMissionCommand}} Combined JADC2 is almost ready for deployment pending Congressional approval of FY2024 funding.<ref name=cJadc2Fy24Funding >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/first-version-of-all-service-battle-network-is-real-and-ready-now-hicks/ (21 Feb 2024) First version of all-service battle network is 'real and ready now': Hicks]</ref><ref name= chinaCjadc2
>Demarest, Colin [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2024/02/22/pentagons-cjadc2-milestone-is-signal-to-china-officials-say/ (22 Feb 2024) Pentagon's CJADC2 milestone is signal to China, officials say ]</ref>
== Experimentation ==
The [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] has held at least two critical JADC2 exercises. The first one, in [[Florida]] in December 2019, centered on a simulated threat posed by cruise missiles. This was the very first demonstration of ABMS, which took place during the exercise. Air Force and Navy aircraft (including [[F-22]] and [[F-35]] fighter jets), a Navy destroyer, an Army Sentinel radar system, a mobile artillery system, as well as commercial space and ground sensors, demonstrated their ability to collect, analyze, and share data in real-time to provide a more comprehensive picture of the operating environment.<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web |last=R. Hoehn |first=John |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/IF11493.pdf |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}} }}</ref> ''For more information, see [[Transformation of the United States Army#Project
In July 2020, the Department of Defense carried out a second test of the JADC2 system. In the course of this exercise, planes from the Air Force communicated with naval vessels that were stationed in the [[Black Sea]]. Additionally, special operations personnel from eight other [[NATO]] nations and a simulated environment collaborated to deter a possible attack from [[Russia]].<ref name=":0" />
In November 2022, ABMS experiments showed how JADC2 is really [[United States Army Combined Arms Center|§ combined arms]]. —Brig. Gen. Jeffery Valenzia (USAF [[United States Army Futures Command#Cross-
== Infrastructure ==
{{anchor|JWCC}}
In 2017, a joint network (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure —[[Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure|JEDI]]) was proposed for DoD, with a single award meant for a single vendor for $10 billion. Competitive bidding was held, and an award was made but was protested by a competitor. In 2021, the award was canceled;<ref name= jediCancel >Andrew Eversden [https://www.c4isrnet.com/breaking-news/2021/07/06/pentagon-cancels-controversial-jedi-cloud-contract/ (6 Jul 2021) Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract delayed by Microsoft, Amazon feud]</ref> in its place, multiple vendors for an interoperable, compatible network capability with multiple awards were envisioned, by 2022. This capability ([[Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability]] —JWCC) is to be for $9 billion spread among vendors and is meant to be awarded by mid-December 2022.<ref name= ebmsIn2023 /><ref name= jwccDec22 >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/smr/cloud/2022/11/07/pentagon-closing-in-on-9b-cloud-contract-award-after-scuttling-jedi/ (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon closing in on $9B cloud contract award after scuttling JEDI]</ref> Pentagon network officials began to envision JWCC as a necessary layer for JADC2.<ref name= jwccDec22 /> In early December 2022 JWCC was awarded to Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.<ref name= jwccAward >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/pentagon-awards-google-amazon-microsoft-oracle-9b-cloud-contract/ (7 Dec 2022) Pentagon awards Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle $9B cloud contract] "JWCC is a multi-vendor, multi-cloud follow up to the infamous single-source Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) contract, which was worth up to $10 billion and canceled in 2021".</ref><ref name=jwccAward4 >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/07/amazon-google-microsoft-and-oracle-picked-for-9b-jedi-successor/ (7 Dec 2022) Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle picked for $9B JEDI successor]</ref><ref name=armyCyber >Colin Demarest [https://www.c4isrnet.com/cyber/2022/08/24/army-it-leader-pledges-quicker-cloud-uptake-in-year-of-action/ (24 Aug 2022) Army IT leader pledges quicker cloud uptake in 'year of action'] Lt. Gen. John Morrison, deputy chief of staff, G-6. "The Army requested $16.6 billion in cyber and IT funding for fiscal 2023, which starts Oct. 1, or more than 9% of the
{{anchor|JWICS}}
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Radio telephone operator (RATELO) <ref name= > [ ( ] </ref>}}-->
The Air Force's Common Tactical Edge Network joins 9 contractors, exploiting AI.<ref name= physicalConnectionReqs >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/12/physical-challenges-way-pentagons-connect-everything-vision/380759/ (12 Swc 2022) The Physical Obstacles to the
{{anchor|Live, virtual, and constructive environment}}
The Navy's Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) environment is a training environment for naval operations, so that Navy, Air Force, and Army can train together in a unified way.<ref name= lvcEnvironment >Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/what-dod-needs-to-make-jadc2-a-reality-is-live-virtual-and-constructive/ (8 Mar 2023) What DoD needs to make JADC2 a reality is Live, Virtual, and Constructive]</ref><ref name=
:In Large Scale Exercise 2023 from August 9 to August 18, the Navy will test the response of over 50 Navy commands spread over 22 time zones, using retired Navy admirals to simulate members of the Joint Staff, civilian leaders, and non-Navy personnel.<ref name= Lse23 >Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/coping-with-tension-navys-global-exercise-to-pit-commanders-with-joint-force-pressures/ (24 Jul 2023) Coping with 'tension': Navy's global exercise to pit commanders with joint force pressures]</ref><ref name= lse2023a >Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/inside-the-navys-largest-exercise-in-command-and-under-pressure/ (28 Aug 2023) Inside the Navy's largest exercise: In command and under pressure] Aug 9-18 2023: Large Scale Exercise 2023</ref>
:For example, aboard aircraft carrier USS Eisenhower (CVN-69), inside the Combat information center (CIC), the ship's watchstanding crew can train to the events presented to them on the screens of the CIC,<ref name= lse2023b >Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/aboard-the-ike-as-it-teleports-to-the-mediterranean-for-the-navys-massive-exercise/ (31 Aug 2023) Aboard the Ike as it 'teleports' to the Mediterranean for the Navy's massive exercise] "It's probably one of the most dynamic and most [stressful] situations that we put our watchstanders through and our aircrew through", Rear Adm. Marc Miguez said of using LVC technology.</ref> irrespective of the physical position of USS Eisenhower during Large Scale Exercise 2023.<ref name= lse2023b /> The Navy's Project Overmatch is now installed on three carrier strike groups for [[Transformation of the United States Army#Project Convergence Capstone 4|§ Project Convergence Capstone 4]], or PCC4 (2024).<ref name=boyleStatement >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2024/03/06/overmatch-networking-installed-on-3-carrier-strike-groups-says-boyle/ (6 Mar 2024) Overmatch networking now installed on 3 carrier strike groups]</ref>
''The following material is split from [[Army Futures Command]]''
;Multi-Domain Operations (MDO); Joint warfighting concept (JADC2) {{anchor|mdoJadc2}}
*[[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Multi-___domain operations (MDO)|Multi-Domain Operations]] (MDO):{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept |1= The Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Competition|competition]], [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Crisis|crisis]], and [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Conflict|armed conflict]]".<ref name=mdoUnclass >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/03/23/multidomain-operations-concept-will-become-doctrine-this-summer/ (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer]</ref>}}{{efn |name= mdoExplainer |1= Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a [[continuum of conflict]].<ref group=Note name=hyten2020 >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/gen-hyten-on-the-new-american-way-of-war-all-___domain-operations/ (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations] (ADO)
*"A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
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** All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense".
</ref><ref group= Note name= leoLRPFKillChain />}}<!--Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-___domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/ (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI ] Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018)].
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}
▲{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}[[File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png|thumb|Multi-___domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: [[Outer space#Cislunar space|cislunar space]], land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.]]
*In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#jadoConceptBy2020|specific scenario]], which can be illustrated by the five red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
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*##Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles, which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
*##Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
*#NavWar</ref>{{rp|minute 17:45}}<ref name= usRussChina >Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley, U.S. Army, Chief Warrant Officer 5 Jon Bates, U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2020/Wesley-Winning-Tomorrow/ (May-Jun 2020) To Change an Army—Winning Tomorrow] The MDO concept —TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1</ref> }}--><ref name="mdo,apg">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-13 |title=The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy |url=https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=APG News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215121632/https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sxsw2019,8mar">Anthony Small {{citation |publisher=US Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw |date=13 March 2019| title=Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest}}</ref><ref name=mdo400people>Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-___domain-ops/ (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-___domain ops] "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"</ref><ref name="MDOps2018Concept">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. {{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/12/army-multi-___domain-update-new-hqs-grey-zones-the-art-of-the-unfeasible/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref> Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-___domain operations.<ref name=mdb >Gen. [[David G. Perkins]], U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/ (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War]</ref><ref name=7mar2019Aps >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/us-gets-its-ass-handed-to-it-in-wargames-heres-a-24-billion-fix/ (7 March 2019) US
*Jason Cutshaw [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329010526/https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-___domain operations]
*Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/hack-jam-sense-shoot-army-creates-1st-multi-___domain-unit/ (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit] an MDO BN for Targeting, I Corps</ref><ref name=indoPacCom>US Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ9e38B4sxQ (4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific ]</ref> comprise a single unit<ref name="ai,mdc2">{{Cite web|last=Freedberg Jr|first=Sydney|date=2018-11-30|title=Forget The Terminator For Future Army AI: LTG Wesley|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/11/artificial-intelligence-key-to-commanding-future-army-ltg-wesley/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="multiDomainManeuver">{{Citation|title=AUSA Aviation Hot Topic 2018 - PANEL 1 - Multi Domain Maneuver| date=7 September 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuAE5eIcFdA|language=en|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> for air, land,<ref name=smdMdo >Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC) [https://www.army.mil/article/225470/leader_gives_space_and_missile_defense_update_at_smd_symposium (8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium] Integrated fires across domains</ref> space,<ref name=Atlas5 >Stephen Clark [https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/08/atlas-5-launch-adds-to-u-s-militarys-secure-communications-satellite-network/ (8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military's secure communications satellite network ] Air Force's fifth AEHF ([[Advanced Extremely High Frequency]]) communications satellite</ref><ref name=tacticalSpace>Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities]
*Loren Thompson [https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2019/07/30/defense-against-hypersonic-attack-is-becoming-the-biggest-military-challenge-of-the-trump-era/#446b77d062c0 (30 Jul 2019) Defense Against Hypersonic Attack Is Becoming The Biggest Military Challenge Of The Trump Era ]</ref><ref name=hbtss>John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Mann [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/04/23/hypersonic_weapons__a_threat_to_national_security_114358.html (23 April 2019) Hypersonic Weapons – A Threat to National Security] Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)
*Kris Osborn [https://defensemaven.io/warriormaven/air/pentagon-advances-new-technology-to-destroy-hypersonic-missile-attacks-oKccmcWHpkqQhBTN-RLtJg/ (16 December 2019) Pentagon Advances New Technology to Destroy Hypersonic Missile Attacks] HBTSS will "establish a continuous 'track' on approaching hypersonic missiles"
*Melanie Marlowe [https://www.c4isrnet.com/space/2020/04/08/three-obstacles-are-slowing-space-sensors-for-hypersonic-threats/ (8 April 2020) Three obstacles are slowing space sensors for hypersonic threats] Continuous tracking is needed to maintain custody of a hypersonic threat before its disposition.
*David Brennan [https://www.newsweek.com/pentagon-orders-hypersonic-missile-trackers-russia-china-arms-race-1564754 (27 Jan 2021) Pentagon Orders Hypersonic Missile Trackers Amid Russia, China Arms Race] HBTSS awards to L3Harris; Northrop Grumman</ref><ref name=4VendorHypersonicCMs >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/mda-kickstarts-new-way-to-kill-hypersonic-missiles/ (18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles] MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors</ref>—and cyber<ref name=cs23 >Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/230394/the_army_gathers_industry_to_inspire_network_modernization (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization] Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23. www.army.mil</ref><ref name="globalCounter" >Mezher, Chyrine {{Cite web|date=2019-05-15|title=How To Wage Global Cyber War: Nakasone, Norton, & Deasy|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/05/how-to-wage-global-cyber-war-nakasone-norton-deasy/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref> domains.<ref name=mdoI2cews >Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/army-seeks-small-satellites-to-support-ground-troops/ (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops] 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs.</ref><ref name="jointCollaboration2019">{{Cite web|title=Army aligning modernization programs with other services|url=https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212092732/https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2019|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref><ref name=globalCounter/> A hypersonic-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,<ref name=afatds >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service {{Cite web|title=Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222617/joint_hypersonic_weapon_tests_to_start_next_year|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|date=8 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=chgbTest20Mar20 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/hypersonics-army-navy-test-common-glide-body/ (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body ] "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
*[https://www.army.mil/article/233873/department_of_defense_tests_hypersonic_glide_body DoD (20 March 2020) Department of Defense tests hypersonic glide body] "The C-HGB – when fully fielded – will comprise the weapon's conventional warhead, guidance system, cabling, and thermal protection shield." Also: comments from LTG L. Neill Thurgood RCCTO</ref> possibly denoted a ''strategic fires'' battalion<ref name= slrc2023>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/ (14 Oct 2019) Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle] 2019 AUSA— targets 2023 prototype</ref><ref name="strategicFiresBN">{{Cite web|last=Judson|first=Jen|date=2019-06-05|title=Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=C4ISRNet|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MMhelLRhw7Jun19">{{Cite web|title=Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222891/army_accelerates_delivery_of_directed_energy_hypersonic_weapon_prototypes|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|date=7 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> (however I2CEWS support would likely be needed),{{efn|name= i2cews}} depending on the theater. In 2019, these capabilities were analyzed as part of a series of globally integrated exercises.<ref name=tp525,3,1>[https://archive.today/20190917022407/https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/MDO/TP525-3-1_30Nov2018.pdf TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028] "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf Link moved here]</ref><ref name=mdb,usaf,usa,2019 >Claire Heininger [https://www.army.mil/article/209672/army_air_force_team_on_sensor_to_shooter_prototype_for_multi_domain_battle (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-___domain battle]</ref><ref name=mdc2,usaf >Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2018/04/11/in-the-move-to-multi-___domain-operations-what-gets-lost/ (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-___domain operations, what gets lost? ] The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs</ref> Using massive simulation<ref name=mdo400people/><ref name=reportCard >Dan Gouré [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/08/02/army_futures_commands_report_card_after_its_first_year_114632.html (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command's Report Card After Its First Year] Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability</ref> the need for a [[#JointAllDomainC2|§new kind of command and control]] (now denoted ''JADC2'') to integrate this firepower was explored.<ref name=smdMdo/><ref name=dyneticsChgbLockheedLrhw>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/hypersonics-army-awards-699m-to-build-first-missiles-for-a-combat-unit/ (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit] prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
*Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCTO [https://www.army.mil/article/226368/army_awards_hypersonic_weapon_system_contracts (30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts]</ref>
**The ability to punch through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.<ref name=standoff>Kerensa Crum [https://www.theredstonerocket.com/military_scene/article_dadc42e4-bea4-11e9-94c0-773e72931076.html CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army's modernization priorities ] Standoff</ref><ref name=summaryOfStandoff2018>Yasmin Tadjdeh [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}
*In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#jadoConceptBy2020|specific scenario]], which can be illustrated by the five red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
Line 91 ⟶ 94:
# Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
# Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to [[defeat in detail]], until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
# Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#mdbPerkinsMdo|Perkins' cycle]], 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)</ref> Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.<ref name=RCVsBy2023/><ref name="glideBody">{{Cite web|title=The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry|url=https://www.army.mil/article/212487/the_army_joins_the_air_force_navy_in_attempt_to_develop_hypersonic_weaponry|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|date=24 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
**For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an [[Area denial weapon|anti-access/area denial]] (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;<ref name=deptula >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/army-says-long-range-missiles-will-help-air-force-not-compete/ (16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete ]</ref> by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the ___location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation, an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to [[defeat in detail]]. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.
**In August–September 2020. at [[Yuma Proving Ground]], the US Army engaged in a five-week exercise to rapidly merge multiple-___domain capabilities. The exercise prototyped a ground tactical Network, pushing it to its limits of robustness<ref name=convergenceChiefs/> (as of 2020, 36 miles on the ground, and demonstrated 1500-mile capability above the ground, with [[Kill chain (military)|kill chain]]s measured in seconds) in the effort to penetrate anti-access/area denial (A2AD) with long-range fires. Longer-range fires are under development, ranging from hundreds of miles to over 1,000 miles, with yearly iterations of Project Convergence being planned.<ref name= planConvergence21 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/longer-range-missiles-more-ai-project-convergence-2021/ (25 Sep 2020) Longer-Range Missiles & More AI: Project Convergence 2021] PrSM, AFATDS to F-35</ref>
***{{anchor|JointAllDomainC2}} MDO (''multi-___domain operations'') and JADC2 (''joint all-___domain command and control'') thus entails:<ref group= Note name= leoLRPFKillChain />
***# Penetrate phase: satellites detect enemy shooters
***# Dis-integrate phase: airborne assets remove enemy long-range fires
***# Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.<ref name=ntwrkWarfareExprmt >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2020/09/inside-armys-fearless-messy-networked-warfare-experiment/168770/ (24 Sep 2020) Inside the Army's Fearless, Messy, Networked Warfare Experiment] Murray: Army software factory will start contributing.</ref>
***{{anchor|cjadc2Oct2020}} Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO{{efn |name= mdoExplainer}} and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.<ref name="convergenceChiefs">{{Cite web|title=Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239363/army_to_build_on_results_from_first_project_convergence_exercise|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|date=25 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2020 the Chiefs agreed that Futures Command, and the Air Force's A5 office will lead a two-year collaboration 'at the most "basic levels" by defining mutual standards for data sharing and service interfacing' in the development of Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2).<ref name="afcA5Cjadc2">{{Cite web|title=Army, Air Force form partnership, lay foundation for CJADC2 interoperability|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239598/army_air_force_form_partnership_lay_foundation_for_cjadc2_interoperability|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|date=October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
**** The ability of the joint services to send data from machine to machine was exercised in front of several of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in April 2021; this is a prerequisite capability for Convergence of MDO and JADC2.<ref name=aberdeenApr2021 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/new-army-lab-tests-joint-tech-project-convergence/ (20 Apr 2021) New Army Lab Tests Joint Tech: Project Convergence] Joint Systems Integration Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground</ref><ref name = jsilPc21Jadc2Povermatch >Joseph Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/245164 (17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch] JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of data fabric for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army - Air Force - Navy</ref><ref name= usafJadc2Contractors >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/09/23/siemens-29-others-added-to-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-contract/ (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air
* In July 2022 the 7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush called for the formation of a large office on the scale of the Joint Counter-small UAS office, but for JADC2.<ref name= asaaltJadc2 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/army-acquisition-exec-pushes-for-joint-jadc2-office-large-scale-exercise/ (11 Jul 2022) Army acquisition exec pushes for joint JADC2 office, large-scale exercise]</ref> This would coordinate,<ref name= bong >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/07/11/pentagons-secret-jadc2-plan-evolving-official-says-as-lawmakers-seek-audit/ (11 Jul 2022)
{{anchor|JWC 3.0 coming}}In April 2023 Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 ([[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Modernizing the Army|JWC]] 3.0) was previewed.<ref name= jwc3Coming >Laura Heckmann [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2023/4/5/joint-warfighting-concept-30-definitely-coming-official-says (5 Apr 2023) SEA-AIR-SPACE NEWS: Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 'Definitely Coming', Official Says] [[Heidi Shyu]]</ref> JWC 2.0 involved '°fires, °information, °logistics, and °command and control'.<ref name= jwc3Coming /> Released 27 August 2023, JWC 3.0 additionally involves °the ability to win in contested logistics,°information advantage, and °expanded maneuver. —ADM Christopher Grady.<ref name= jwc3Evolving>Jon Harper [https://defensescoop.com/2023/09/13/us-military-publishes-new-joint-warfighting-doctrine/ (13 Sep 2023) US military publishes new joint warfighting doctrine] Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 was released 27 Aug 2023 as Joint Publication 1, Volume 1 —Joint Warfighting. An evolving Capability.</ref> Employment of crewed-uncrewed teaming to 'sense and make sense' of the situation, and to make that information rapidly available to the commanders will be an essential part of the Capability. Future Force Design is underway.<ref name= jwc3Evolving/><ref name= predecisionalUnderway >Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/good-healthy-debate-eyeing-the-indo-pacific-army-leaders-grapple-with-force-structure-shake-up/ (14 Sep 2023) 'Good, healthy debate': Eyeing the Indo-Pacific, Army leaders grapple with force structure shake up] [[James Rainey]]</ref>
On 19 September 2023 Army Contracting Command-Aberdeen Proving Ground awarded Leidos a contract to provide an electronic platform: equipment and services in support of JADC2.<ref name= leidosJadc2 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/leidos-nabs-7-9b-army-tactical-it-hardware-contract-to-support-jadc2-aims/ (19 Sep 2023) Leidos nabs $7.9B Army tactical IT hardware contract to support JADC2 aims] Leidos Intelligent Logistics Platform</ref>
In February 2024 the Air Force's Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey warned that phase two of Combined JADC2, which was supposed to go forward in 2024<ref name= xOnJadc2 >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/madc2-air-force-cjadc2-plans-completely-hamstrung-by-budget-impasse-general-says/ (15 Feb 2024) MADC2: Air Force CJADC2 plans 'completely hamstrung' by budget impasse, general says] Luke Cropsey: "Not having a budget is quite frankly, it's killing me, because my budget was supposed to double this year"</ref> is not starting because Continuing Resolutions (CRs) do not fund new program spending —full Congressional budget approval for FY2024 is required for Combined JADC2 to go forward in 2024. ''From: [[Transformation of the United States Army#cjadc2MeetIn60days]]''
==Outernet==
{{anchor|NDSA}}{{anchor|PWSA}}
[[File:National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Transport layer.webp|thumb|right|Transport layer of the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA)<ref name= ndsaCoverage2025 >Armament Facts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MdL5niEIdE (21 Jul 2022) How The New Hypersonic Weapons Tracking Constellation Will Work] 16:45 minutes. 2 awards, each of 14 satellites due to launch in 2025.</ref>
<ref name= tranche0 >
JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale". —Gen. [[Chance Saltzman]], US Space Force<ref name= mar23Launch >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/space-development-agency-readies-launch-of-first-satellites-for-comms-missile-tracking/ (29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking]</ref>
==Notes and References ==
Line 118 ⟶ 125:
== See also ==
* [[
* [[Defense Technical Information Center]]
{{Congressional Research Service|article = Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress |url = https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46725/2|author = John R. Hoehn|accessdate=2022-07-06}}
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